Optimization

Course Schedule:

1. Introduction to Optimization
2. Classical Optimization Techniques
3. Linear programming and the Simplex
method
• Optimization is the act of obtaining the best result
under given circumstances.

• Optimization can be defined as the process of finding

the conditions that give the maximum or minimum of
a function.

• The optimum seeking methods are also known as

mathematical programming techniques and are
generally studied as a part of operations research.

• Operations research is a branch of mathematics

concerned with the application of scientific methods
and techniques to decision making problems and with
establishing the best or optimal solutions.
 1. Introduction
• Operations research (in the UK) or
operational research (OR) (in the US) is
an interdisciplinary branch of
mathematics which uses methods like:
– mathematical modeling
–statistics
–algorithms to arrive at optimal or good
decisions in complex problems which
are concerned with optimizing the
maxima (profit, faster assembly line,
greater crop yield, higher bandwidth,
etc) or minima (cost loss, lowering of
risk, etc) of some objective function .
• In the simplest case, an optimization
problem consists of maximizing or
minimizing a real function by
systematically choosing input values
from within an allowed set and
computing the value of the function.
The generalization of optimization
theory and techniques to other
formulations comprises a large area
of applied mathematics. More
generally, opmtiization includes
 APPLICATIONS OF OPTIMIZATION IN
ENGINEERING
• 1. Design of components or entire
systems
• 2. Planning and analysis of existing
operations
• 3. Engineering analysis and data
reduction
• 4. Control of dynamic systems
• In civil engineering, the objective is usually taken
as the minimization of the cost.
• In mechanical engineering, the maximization of the
mechanical efficiency is the obvious choice of an
objective function.
• In aerospace structural design problems, the
objective function for minimization is generally
taken as weight.
• In some situations, there may be more than one
criterion to be satisfied simultaneously. An
optimization problem involving multiple objective
functions is known as a multiobjective
programming problem.
Linear Programming
• Mathematical programming is used to find the best or
optimal solution to a problem that requires a decision
or set of decisions about how best to use a set of
limited resources to achieve a state goal of objectives.
• Steps involved in mathematical programming
– Conversion of stated problem into a mathematical
model that abstracts all the essential elements of
the problem.
– Exploration of different solutions of the problem.
– Finding out the most suitable or optimum solution.
• Linear programming requires that all the
mathematical functions in the model be linear
functions.
• The Linear Programming Model
Let: X1, X2, X3, ………, Xn = decision variables
Z = Objective function or linear function

Requirement: Maximization of the linear function Z.

Z = c1X1 + c2X2 + c3X3 + ………+ cnXn
subject to the following constraints:
• The linear programming model can be written in
more efficient notation as:

The decision variables, xI, x2, ..., xn, represent levels of n

competing activities.
 Examples of LP Problems (1)

1. A Product Mix Problem

• A manufacturer has fixed amounts of different resources
such as raw material, labor, and equipment.
• These resources can be combined to produce any one of
several different products.
• The quantity of the i resource required to produce one
unit of the j product is known.
• The decision maker wishes to produce the combination of
products that will maximize total income.
2. A Blending Problem
• Blending problems refer to situations in which a
number of components (or commodities) are
mixed together to yield one or more products.
• Typically, different commodities are to be
purchased. Each commodity has known
characteristics and costs.
• The problem is to determine how much of each
commodity should be purchased and blended
with the rest so that the characteristics of the
mixture lie within specified bounds and the
total cost is minimized.
3. A Production Scheduling Problem
• A manufacturer knows that he must supply
a given number of items of a certain
product each month for the next n months.
• They can be produced either in regular
time, subject to a maximum each month, or
in overtime. The cost of producing an item
during overtime is greater than during
regular time. A storage cost is associated
with each item not sold at the end of the
month.
• The problem is to determine the production
schedule that minimizes the sum of
production and storage costs.
4. A Transportation Problem
• A product is to be shipped in the amounts al,
a2, ..., am from m shipping origins and
received in amounts bl, b2, ..., bn at each of n
shipping destinations.
• The cost of shipping a unit from the ith
origin to the jth destination is known for all
combinations of origins and destinations.
• The problem is to determine the amount to
be shipped from each origin to each
destination such that the total cost of
transportation is a minimum.
5. A Flow Capacity Problem

• One or more commodities (oil, traffic,

water, information, cash, etc.) are flowing
from one point to another through a
network whose branches have various
constraints and flow capacities.
• The direction of flow in each branch and
the capacity of each branch are known.
• The problem is to determine the maximum
flow, or capacity of the network.
 Example
Suppose that a farmer has a piece of farm land,
say L km2, to be planted with either wheat or
barley or some combination of the two. The
farmer has a limited amount of fertilizer
F kilograms, and insecticide, P kilograms. Every
square kilometer of wheat requires F1 kilograms
of fertilizer and P1 kilograms of insecticide,
while every square kilometer of barley
requires F2 kilograms of fertilizer
and P2 kilograms of insecticide. Let S1 be the
selling price of wheat per square kilometer, and
S2 be the selling price of barley. If we denote
The graphical method is applicable to solve the LPP
involving two decision variables x1, and x2, we usually take
these decision variables as x, y instead of x1, x2. To solve
an LP, the graphical method includes two major steps.
a) The determination of the solution space that defines the
feasible solution. Note that the set of values of the
variable x1, x2, x3,....xn which satisfy all the constraints
and also the non-negative conditions is called the
feasible solution of the LP.
b) The determination of the optimal solution from the
feasible region.
a) To determine the feasible solution of an LP, we have the
following steps.
Step 1: Since the two decision variable x and y are non-
negative, consider only the first quadrant of xy-coordinate
plane

Draw the line ax + by = c (1)

For each constraint, the line (1) divides the first quadrant in
to two regions say R1 and R2, suppose (x1, 0) is a point in
R1. If this point satisfies the in equation ax + by c or (
c), then shade the region R1. If (x1, 0) does not satisfy the
inequality, shade the region R2.
Step 3: Corresponding to each constant, we obtain a
shaded region. The intersection of all these shaded regions
is the feasible region or feasible solution of the LP.
Let us find the feasible solution for the problem of a
decorative item dealer whose LPP is to maximize profit
function.
Z = 50x + 18y (1)
Subject to the constraints

Step 1: Since x 0, y 0, we consider only the first quadrant

of the xy – plane
Step 2: We draw straight lines for the equation
2x+ y = 100 (2)
x + y = 80
To determine two points on the straight line 2x + y = 100
Put y = 0, 2x = 100 → x = 50 → (50, 0) is a point on the line
(2) put x = 0 in (2), y =100 → (0, 100) is the other point on
the line (2)
Plotting these two points on the graph paper draw the line
which represent the line 2x + y =100.
This line divides the 1st quadrant into two regions, say R1
and R2. Choose a point say (1, 0) in R1. (1, 0) satisfy the
inequality 2x + y 100. Therefore R1 is the required region
for the constraint 2x + y 100.
Similarly draw the straight line x + y = 80 by joining the
point (0, 80) and (80, 0). Find the required region say R1',
for the constraint x + y 80.
The intersection of both the region R1 and R1' is the
feasible solution of the LPP. Therefore every point in the
shaded region OABC is a feasible solution of the LPP,
since this point satisfies all the constraints including the
non-negative constraints.
b) There are two techniques to find the optimal solution of
an LPP.
 Corner Point Method
The optimal solution to a LPP, if it exists, occurs at the
corners of the feasible region.
The method includes the following steps
Step 1: Find the feasible region of the LLP.
Step 2: Find the co-ordinates of each vertex of the feasible
region.
These co-ordinates can be obtained from the graph or by
solving the equation of the lines.
Step 3: At each vertex (corner point) compute the value of
the objective function.
Step 4: Identify the corner point at which the value of the
objective function is maximum (or minimum depending on
the LP)
The co-ordinates of this vertex is the optimal solution and
the value of Z is the optimal value
Example: Find the optimal solution in the above problem of
decorative item dealer whose objective function is Z = 50x
+ 18y.
In the graph, the corners of the feasible region are
O (0, 0), A (0, 80), B(20, 60), C(50, 0)
At (0, 0) Z = 0
At (0, 80) Z = 50 (0) + 18(80) = 1440
At (20, 60), Z = 50 (20) +18 (60) = 1000 + 1080 = Rs.2080
At (50, 0) Z = 50 (50 )+ 18 (0) = 2500.
Since our object is to maximize Z and Z has maximum at
(50, 0) the optimal solution is x = 50 and y = 0.
The optimal value is 2500.
If an LPP has many constraints, then it may be long and
tedious to find all the corners of the feasible region. There
is another alternate and more general method to find the
optimal solution of an LP, known as 'ISO profit or ISO cost
method‘
ISO- PROFIT (OR ISO-COST)
Method of Solving Linear Programming Problems
Suppose the LPP is to Optimize Z = ax + by subject to the
constraints
This method of optimization involves the following method.
Step 1: Draw the half planes of all the constraints
Step 2: Shade the intersection of all the half planes which
is the feasible region.
Step 3: Since the objective function is Z = ax + by, draw a
dotted line for the equation ax + by = k, where k is any
constant. Sometimes it is convenient to take k as the LCM
of a and b.
Step 4: To maximise Z draw a line parallel to ax + by = k
and farthest from the origin. This line should contain at
least one point of the feasible region. Find the coordinates
of this point by solving the equations of the lines on which it
lies.
To minimise Z draw a line parallel to ax + by = k and
nearest to the origin. This line should contain at least one
point of the feasible region. Find the co-ordinates of this
point by solving the equation of the line on which it lies.
Step 5: If (x1, y1) is the point found in step 4, then
x = x1, y = y1, is the optimal solution of the LPP and Z = ax1
+ by1 is the optimal value.
The above method of solving an LPP is more clear with the
following example.
Example: Solve the following LPP graphically using ISO-
profit method.
maximize Z =100 + 100y.
Subject to the constraints
• I

Suggested answer:
since x 0, y 0, consider only the first quadrant of the plane
graph the following straight lines on a graph paper
10x + 5y = 80 or 2x+y =16
6x + 6y = 66 or x +y =11
4x+ 8y = 24 or x+ 2y = 6
5x + 6y = 90
Identify all the half planes of the constraints. The
intersection of all these half planes is the feasible region as
shown in the figure.
Give a constant value 600 to Z in the objective function,
then we have an equation of the line
120x + 100y = 600 (1)
or 6x + 5y = 30 (Dividing both sides by 20)
P1Q1 is the line corresponding to the equation 6x + 5y = 30.
We give a constant 1200 to Z then the P2Q2 represents the
line.
120x + 100y = 1200
6x + 5y = 60
P2Q2 is a line parallel to P1Q1 and has one point 'M' which
belongs to feasible region and farthest from the origin. If we
take any line P3Q3 parallel to P2Q2 away from the origin, it
does not touch any point of the feasible region.
The co-ordinates of the point M can be obtained by solving
the equation 2x + y = 16
x + y =11 which give
x = 5 and y = 6
The optimal solution for the objective function is x = 5 and y
=6
The optimal value of Z
120 (5) + 100 (6) = 600 + 600 = 1200
 Example
The N. Dustrious Company produces two
products: I and II. The raw material
requirements, space needed for storage,
production rates, and selling prices for these
products are given in Table 1. The total
amount of raw material available per day for
both products is 15751b. The total storage
space for all products is 1500 ft2, and a
maximum of 7 hours per day can be used for
production. All products manufactured are
shipped out of the storage area at the end of
the day. Therefore, the two products must
share the total raw material, storage space,
• The object is to maximize the equation:
» Z = 13x1 + 11x2
– subject to the constraints on storage space, raw materials, and
production time.
• Each unit of product I requires 4 ft2 of storage space and each unit of
product II requires 5 ft2. Thus a total of 4x1 + 5x2 ft2 of storage space is
needed each day. This space must be less than or equal to the
available storage space, which is 1500 ft2. Therefore,
» 4X1 + 5X2  1500
• Similarly, each unit of product I and II produced requires 5 and 3 1bs,
respectively, of raw material. Hence a total of 5xl + 3x2 Ib of raw
material is used. This must be less than or equal to the total amount
of raw material available, which is 1575 Ib. Therefore,
» 5x1 + 3x2  1575
• Prouct I can be produced at the rate of 60 units per hour.
Therefore, it must take I minute or 1/60 of an hour to produce I
unit. Similarly, it requires 1/30 of an hour to produce 1 unit of
product II. Hence a total of x1/60 + x2/30 hours is required for
the daily production. This quantity must be less than or equal to
the total production time available each day. Therefore,
» x1 / 60 + x2 / 30  7
– or x1 + 2x2  420
• Finally, the company cannot produce a negative quantity of any
product, therefore x1 and x2 must each be greater than or equal
to zero.