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BIOREFINERY
QS 4:9
Pengantar Teknologi Bioproses
Harvard| Kuliah 05
iGEM 2005
Perkembangan Produksi Kelapa Sawit Indonesia Jumlah produksi Kelapa Sawit Indonesia
Tahun 1995-2010 (Sumber: BPS, 2013) [Sumber: USDA, 2013]
Indonesia 28,00
Malaysia 19,00
Thailand 1,45
Nigeria 0,90
Colombia 0,85
A B
Pengantar Teknologi Bioproses
Harvard| Kuliah 05
iGEM 2005
Rasio Limbah/Produk dan koefisien konversi energi Biomasa [Sumber:Biomass Handbook, 2008]
[T/T] [GJ/T]
Saat ini pemerintah sudah mencanangkan bahwa negara kita akan menyandarkan
konsumsi energi tidak hanya pada bahan bakar fosil namun sudah bergerak pada
energi baru terbarukan (EBT) dengan 25% kontribusi. Angka ini sudah jauh
melebihi Perpress 5/2006 yang menargetkan hanya 17% kontribusi EBT
Pengantar Teknologi Bioproses
Harvard| Kuliah 05
iGEM 2005
SUSTAINABILITY
"Sustainable development is development that meets
the needs of the present without compromising the
ability of future generations to meet their own
needs".
It contains two key concepts: the concept of
'needs', in particular the essential needs of the
world's poor, to which overriding priority should be
given; and
the idea of limitations imposed by the state of
technology and social organization on the
environment's ability to meet present and future
needs."
Defenition
Biorefining is the transfer of the efficiency and logic of fossil-
based chemistry and substantial converting industry as well as
the production of energy onto the biomass industry.
Biorefinery is the sustainable processing of biomass into
spectrum of marketable products and energy (Kamm)
Biorefinery is an overall concept of processing plant where
biomass feedstock s are conveted and extracted into a spectrum
of valuable products (US DOE)
A facility that integrates biomass conversion process and
equipment to produce fuels, power, and chemicals from biomass
(American National Renewable Energy Laboratory)
Pengantar Teknologi Bioproses
Harvard| Kuliah 05
iGEM 2005
Perubahan!
Alternatif
– Energi: angin, surya, air, biomasa, nuklir (fisi dan fusi), dll.
– Bahan mentah: Biomasa
Perubahan besar pada R&D dan Proses produksi
– Sinergi keilmuan
– Kombinasi teknologi, ekonomi dan ilmu sosial
Pengantar Teknologi Bioproses
Harvard| Kuliah 05
iGEM 2005
Produksi Gula
– Tebu, Asia 6000 SM
– Import gula, abad 15
– Isolasi kristal gula (akar & umbi), Jerman 1784
Hydrolysis Amilum
– Jerman 1811, kentang & asam d-glucose
Sakarifikasi Kayu
– Perancis 1819, kayu & asam konsentrat
Furfural
Selulosa dan Bubur kertas
Asam Levulinat
Lipida
Vanila
Asam Laktat
Pengantar Teknologi Bioproses
Harvard| Kuliah 05
iGEM 2005
Biorefinery
Biorefineries combine necessary technologies between biological raw materials and
the industrial intermediates and final products.
Product
RAW CONVERSION OF LIGNIN Lines
MATERIAL RAW MATERIAL
CARBOHYDRAT Product
COMPLEX ES Lines
SUBSTANCES
FATS Product
Lines
INORGANIC
Product
SUBSTANCES PROTEINS Lines
SPECIAL Product
ENERGY SUBSTANCES Lines
Pengantar Teknologi Bioproses
Harvard| Kuliah 05
iGEM 2005
Pengantar Teknologi Bioproses
Harvard| Kuliah 05
iGEM 2005
Pengantar Teknologi Bioproses
Harvard| Kuliah 05
iGEM 2005
Structure of lignocellulose.
Microfib
ril
Precursors-Contained Biomass
Wood / Soft Cereals / Sugar-beet/ - Alfalfa / Grass /
Soya/Rape
Wood Maize cane Clover
Material- Dilactide
Methanol
Precursors
Ethene
Ethyl lactate
Gasoline Polymers
Pengantar Teknologi Bioproses
Harvard| Kuliah 05
iGEM 2005
Acetic Acid
Ethylene Ethanol
C2
Acetaldehyde
C8
C8+ 2-etil hexanol
Pengantar Teknologi Bioproses
Harvard| Kuliah 05
iGEM 2005
Cellulose Sugar
‘biotech./chemical’
Raw Material
Residues
Lignocellulo
ses
Lignocellulosic Fuels,
Feedstock Hemicelluloses Chemicals,
(LCF) (Polyoses) Polymers and
‘bioctech./chemical’ Materials
Cogeneration
Residues
Heat and
Power,
Extractives
Lignin Lignin
‘chemical’ Raw Material
Pengantar Teknologi Bioproses
Harvard| Kuliah 05
iGEM 2005
LC-Feedstock (LCF)
e.g. Cereals (Straw,Chaff); Ligno-Cellulosic Biomass (e.g. Reed,Reed Grass); Forest
Biomass (Underwood, Wood); Paper-and Cellulosic Municipal Solid Waste
Lignocellulose (LC)
Glucose
Xylite
Sugar-subtitute HMF (Hexose)
Sub-bituminous (5-Hydroxymethyl-furfural)
Coal
Furfural
Softener + Fermentation
Sulphur-free Fural Resins Solvents Products
-Fuels e.g ethanol
Solid Fuel
-Organic Acids e.g.
Chem. Lubricants Lactic Acid
Products
-Solvents e.g.
Aceteone & Butanol
Nylon 6; Chemicals and
Nylon 6,6 Polymers
Pengantar Teknologi Bioproses
Harvard| Kuliah 05
iGEM 2005
Pengantar Teknologi Bioproses
Harvard| Kuliah 05
iGEM 2005
Cellulose
‘biotech./chemical’
‘physical/chemical’ Starch Line,Sugar
Raw Material
Whole Crop
Cereals – Dry
Mill- Fuels, Chemicals,
Fluor (Meal) Polymers and
‘physical/chemical’ Materials
Cogeneration
Residues Heat and Power,
Extractives
Straw Lignocellulosic
‘biotechn./chemical’ Raw Material
Pengantar Teknologi Bioproses
Harvard| Kuliah 05
iGEM 2005
Decomposition to
Gasification
Extrusion
paste/pasting
Chemical
Biotechnologic
Conversion /
-al Conversion Modification
Plasticization
Glucose
Ether Formation
Hydrogenation
Red Animation
Esterification
Hemicellulose
Bio-
Fermentation
Celullose
Plastic
Lignin
Co- and
Ethanol Mix-
polymerisat
e
Acetate
Methanol
Glucosamine
Syngas
Starch
Sorbitol
Binder,
PHB
Adhesive,
Carboxy- Cement
methil Starch
Pengantar Teknologi Bioproses
Harvard| Kuliah 05
iGEM 2005
Grain Steep
(Steep Tank)
‘biotech./chemical’ Endosperm
‘physical/chemical’ Starch line,Sugar
Raw Material,
Amino Acids
Oils
Whole Crop Fuels, Feed,
Cereals – Wet Fats and Oils,
Mill- Grain Germ Chemicals,
‘physical/chemical’ Pharmaceutics
, Materials
Cogeneration
Residues Heat and Power,
Extractives
Straw Lignocellulosic
‘biotechn./chemical’ Raw Material
Pengantar Teknologi Bioproses
Harvard| Kuliah 05
iGEM 2005
Cultivation Harvest,Storage, Mechanical pre-Treatment
Straw (Stalks,
Corn Grain Foliage,Chaff,etc
Nodes)
Residues
Green
Biogas Fuels, Feed,
Biomass
Cogeneration Chemicals,
techn. Press
Heat and Polymers and
Power (CHP), Materials
Hydrogen
Residues
Press Cake
‘hydrothermal’ Cellulose
‘enzymatic’ Lignocellulose
‘thermal chemical’
Pengantar Teknologi Bioproses
Harvard| Kuliah 05
iGEM 2005
Green Crop Drying Plant Green (Wet) Raw Material Fields
Wet Fractionation Grass, Lucerne, Alfalfa, Herbia
Energy
Power Station, Press Press Cake Green Pellets for
Heat, Electricity drying to Pellets + Bales Fodder
Press Juice
Pellets or Bales
Biogas Valueable Products
for Solid Fuel
Separation
Decanter
Enzymes
Fermentation Raw Material for
Fermenter Syngas
Lactic Acid +
Derivatives Flavourings
Raw Material for
Carbohydrate Amino Acids Hydrocarbons
Sources Dyes
Proteins
Pre- Raw Material for
Carbohydrates Biogas
Treatment
Enzymes
Proteins
Whole Crops,
Organic Acids Raw Material for
Straw, Seeds,
Starch, Fibres + Fleece
Hydrolyzate, and Chemicals
Molasses, a.o. Ethanol
Pengantar Teknologi Bioproses
Harvard| Kuliah 05
iGEM 2005
Sugar Platform
(SP)
‘biochemical’ Sugar Raw
Material
Residues
Clean Gas
CH3Cl H2C=CH2
Methyl CH3COOH
R-OH H2C=CH-COOH
Chloride Acetic Esthers,
Alcohols Acrylic Acid
Acid Ethers
HCl -H2O
CO, H2
HCHO C2H5OH
CH3OH
Plastics Formaldehy Ethanol
Metanol
de
NH2CONH2 CO2 N2
NH3 CO + H2 Pt/Alumina
Urea Ammonia Aromatic
Syngas Alkanes
s
H2 O H2 O
Gasoline
fermentation & Waxes
Biogas : CH4 Biomass
Pengantar Teknologi Bioproses
Harvard| Kuliah 05
iGEM 2005
Pengantar Teknologi Bioproses
Harvard| Kuliah 05
iGEM 2005
Pengantar Teknologi Bioproses
Harvard| Kuliah 05
iGEM 2005
Pengantar Teknologi Bioproses
Harvard| Kuliah 05
iGEM 2005
Pengantar Teknologi Bioproses
Harvard| Kuliah 05
iGEM 2005
Pengantar Teknologi Bioproses
Harvard| Kuliah 05
iGEM 2005
Pengantar Teknologi Bioproses
Harvard| Kuliah 05
iGEM 2005
Latihan
1. Apakah yang dimaksud dengan Biorefinery?
2. Bagaimana konsep Bioekonomi?
3. Mengapa Bioerfinery penting bagi Indonesia?
4. Biomass apa yang sesuai dengan kondisi Indonesia untuk membuat Bioerfinery?
Mengapa?
5. Gambarkan skema makro/mikrofibril, lignin, selulosa, hemiselulosa, glukosa dan
hexosa/pentosa dalam semuah tanaman!
6. Sebutkan masing-masing 2 produk yang dapat anda buat dari :
Lignin
Lemak
Karbohidrat (Selulosa)
Protein