Open System (Control Volume) Analysis

Many applications in thermodynamics do not readily

lend themselves to control mass (closed system)
approach but are conveniently handled by more general
control volume technique.

A control volume (open system) is a volume in space

of interest for a particular study or analysis. The
surface of this control volume is self-referred to as a
control surface.
Turbo Fan Engine
IC Engine
 Compressor

Turbine

Nozzle

Heat
Exchanger

Diffuser
Mass as well as heat and work can cross the control surface
and the mass in the control volume as well as the properties
of this mass can change with time.

Wcv
inlet i

mi , Pi , Ti ,vi , dmcv dE cv
dt dt exit
hi ,ui ,Vi , Zi
e m , P , T ,v ,
e e e e

he ,ue ,Ve , Ze
Qcv
Control Volume
Mass Balance or continuity equation
dmcv
  mi  me
dt
Rate of change of mass Net rate of mass transfer

Energy Balance or 1st Law of thermo. equation

Rate of change of energy in control volume must be caused
by net rate of energy transfer
dE
 Q  W   additional terms 
dt
Fluid flowing across the control surface 1
at inlet , ei  ui  Vi 2  gZ i
enters or leaves with an amount of 2
energy per unit mass as, e  u  1 V 2  gZ 1
at outlet , ee  ue  Ve 2  gZ e
2 2
Another form of work is involved ‘pv’, which is known as flow work,
related only open system. Whenever a fluid enters a control volume
at state (i) or exits at state (e), there is a boundary movement work
associated with that process.

Thus, the work done in pushing

the fluid element across the
boundary (i.e., the flow work) is
Wflow  FL  PAL  PV
The flow work per unit mass of
the fluid element: w flow  Pv

at inlet , Wflow in  mi Pv

i i

at outlet , Wflow out  me Peve

Energy Balance or 1st Law of thermo. equation
dE
 Q  W   additional terms 
dt
dEcv
 Qcv  Wcv  mi ei  me ee  Wflowin  Wflowout
dt
dEcv
i i   me  ee  Pev e 
 Qcv  Wcv  mi  ei  Pv
dt
dEcv  1 2   1 2 
 Qcv  Wcv  mi  ui  Pv  V  gZ i   me e
u  P v  V  gZ e 
   
i i i e e e
dt 2 2
dEcv  1   1 
 Qcv  Wcv  mi  hi  Vi 2  gZi   me  he  Ve2  gZe 
dt  2   2 
For multiple inlet and outlet
dEcv  1 2   1 2 
 Qcv  Wcv   mi  hi  Vi  gZi    me  he  Ve  gZ e 
dt  2   2 
Steady state steady flow:
Assumptions
•The state of the mass at each point in the control volume does
not vary with time.
•As for the mass flux and the state of this mass at each discrete
area of flow on the control surface does not vary with time.
•The rate at which heat and work cross the control surface
remains constant.
dmcv dE
 0; cv  0
dt dt
Energy balance (1st Law):
Mass balance:
0   mi  me  1   1 
0  Qcv  Wcv   mi  hi  Vi 2  gZi    me  he  Ve2  gZe 
 2   2 
 mi  me  1   1 
Qcv   mi  hi  Vi 2  gZi    me  he  Ve2  gZ e   Wcv
 2   2 
For single inlet and single outlet

Mass balance: mi  me  m

Energy balance  1 2   1 2 
Qcv  mi  hi  Vi  gZi   me  he  Ve  gZe   Wcv
(1st law):  2   2 

 1 2   1 2 
or, q   hi  Vi  gZ i    he  Ve  gZ e   w
 2   2 

Qcv Wcv
where, q  , kJ / kg; w , kJ / kg
m m
Turbine (Positive work)
Energy: i
w
 1   1 
Qcv  mi  hi  Vi 2  gZi   me  he  Ve2  gZe   Wcv
 2   2 
Or,
 1   1  e
q   hi  Vi 2  gZ i    he  Ve2  gZ e   w
 2   2 
q
Neglecting K.E and P.E Changes
q  hi  he  w
w  q   hi  he  kJ / kg
Wcv  Qcv  m  hi  he 
Pump/ Compressor (Negative work)
Energy: 1 w
 1   1 
Qcv  m1  h1  V12  gZ1   m2  h2  V22  gZ2   Wcv
 2   2 
or,
 1   1  2
q   h1  V12  gZ1    h2  V22  gZ2   w q
 2   2 

Neglecting K.E and P.E Changes

Wcv  Qcv  m  h1  h2 
nozzle diffuser
Wcv  Qcv  0
 1   1 
q   hi  Vi 2  gZi    he  Ve2  gZe   w
 2   2 
 1   1 
0   hi  Vi 2    he  Ve2   0
 2   2 
 Home Assignment

Do the 1st law analysis for

(i)Heat Exchanger
(ii)Throttling Device
(iii) Combustion Chamber
Argon gas enters an adiabatic turbine steadily at 900kPa and 4500C with a velocity
of 80m/s and leaves at 150kPa with a velocity of 150m/s. The inlet area of turbine
is 60cm2. Power output is 250kW. Determine the exit temperature.
R=0.2081kJ/kgK ,cp=0.5203kJ/kgK (267.30C)

1
w
 1 2   1 2 
Qcv  m1  h1  V1  gZ1   m2  h2  V2  gZ2   Wcv
 2   2 
 1   1 
0  m  h1  V12   m  h2  V22   Wcv
2  2   2 
q Wcv 1 2
 h1  h2    V2  V12 
m 2
A1V1 A1V1P1
m   AV   250 1
v1 RT1 cp T1  T2   
2.874 2*1000
 1502  802 
0.006*80*900
  2.874kg / s T2  540.3K  267.30 C
0.2081*723
Air enters a compressor operating at steady state at a pressure of 1bar, a
temperature of 290K and a velocity of 6m/s through an inlet with an area of
0.1m2. At the exit the pressure is 7bar, the temperature is 450K and the
velocity is 2m/s. Heat transfer from the compressor to its surroundings occurs
at a rate of 180kJ/min. Employing the ideal gas model, calculate the power
input to compressor in kW. -118.76kW

1 w  1   1 
Qcv  m1  h1  V12  gZ1   m2  h2  V22  gZ2   Wcv
 2   2 
1 2
Wcv  Qcv  m  h1  h2   m V1  V22 
2
180 1
2 Wcv    0.72* cp T1  T2   0.72*  62  22 
q 60 2*1000

A1V1 A1V1P1
m   AV   W  118.76 kW
v1 RT1
0.1*6*100
  0.72kg / s
0.287*290
Air modeled as an ideal gas flows through the compressor and heat
exchanger shown in Fig. The power input to the compressor is 100 kW.
A separate liquid cooling water stream flows through the heat
exchanger. All data are for operation at steady state. Stray heat
transfer with the surroundings can be neglected, as can all kinetic and
potential energy changes. Determine (a) the mass flow rate of the air,
in kg/s, and (b) the mass flow rate of the cooling water, in kg/s.
(0.4523kg/s, 1.623kg/s)
Turbine:
 1 2   1 2 
Qcv  m1  h1  V1  gZ1   m2  h2  V2  gZ2   Wcv
 2   2 
Wcv 100
m1  m2  
 h1  h2  1.005*(280  500)
 0.4523 kg / s

Heat Exchanger:
m2  h2  h3   m4  h5  h4 
0.4523*1.005*(500  350)  m4 *4.2*(30  20)
m4  1.623 kg / s