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Work Transfer and Heat Transfer

It is essential to understand clearly the definitions of


both work and heat because the correct analysis of
many thermodynamic problems depend on
distinguishing between them
Work and heat are energy in transfer (transit) from one
system to another and thus play a crucial role in most
thermal systems or devices.

Need to model work and heat as a function of


properties and characteristics of the system
1st law of thermodynamics is concerned with the
interactions of work and heat transfer
Work is the energy transfer associated with a force
acting through a distance. The work W done by, or on,
a system evaluated in terms of macroscopically
observable forces and displacements is
s2
W   F .ds
s1

However, when treating thermodynamics from a


macroscopic point of view, it is advantageous to link the
definition of work with the concepts of systems,
properties, and processes.
“Work is done by a system if the sole effect on the
surroundings (everything external to the system)
could be the raising of a weight”.
Raising of a weight is in effect a force acting through a
distance.
Definition does not state that a weight was actually
raised or that a force actually acted through a given
distance, but only that the sole effect external to the
system could be the raising of a weight.
 In general, work is a form of energy in transit, that is,
energy being transferred across a system boundary.
Units
Units of work (W) in SI system
1 J = 1N.m 1kJ= 103J
Power, W is the time rate of doing work
1 Watt = 1J/s 1kW=1kJ/s
Specific work, w=W/m, J/kg
Unit for power in English units is the horsepower(hp)
where 1 hp = 550 ft lbf/s and 1hp=746watt

Sign convention
+W
•Work done by the system, +VE (W>0)
System
•Work done on the system, -VE (W<0) -W
There are many ways in which work can be done by or
on a system.
Work done at the moving boundary of a simple
compressible system during a quasi-equilibrium process

The total force on the piston is P.A


Work, δW = P.A. dL, but A.dL = dV
δW = PdV

Total work during process, 1-2


2 2
W2  W12    W   PdV
1
1 1
It is possible to go from state 1 to state 2
along many different quasi-equilibrium
paths, such as A, B, or C. The area under
each curve represents the work for each
process

The amount of work done during each process


not only is a function of the end states of the
process but also depends on the path followed in
going from one state to another.

For this reason, work is called a path function or, in


mathematical parlance, δW is an inexact differential.
•Properties, however, are point functions (i.e., they
depend on the state only, and not on how a system
reaches that state)
•They have exact differentials designated by the symbol
dA
Small change in volume, dV, and the total 2
volume change during a process between 1 dV  V2  V1  V
states 1 and 2 is
2

  W  W2  W1 No meaning at all
1

2
Instead we use,   W  1W2  W12
1

Criteria for Thermodynamic property,  dV  0


PdV work for different processes
 P=constant, Isobaric process
2
W12   PdV  P(V2  V1 )
1

V=constant, Isochoric process


2
W12   PdV  0
1

PV= constant, Isothermal process


2
V2
W12   PdV  PV
1 1 ln
1 V1
PVn=constant, Polytropic process
1 1  PV 2 2  PV
2
PV PV
W12   PdV  2 2
 1 1

1 n 1 1n
Extension of a solid bar

2 2
W12    Fdx     Adx
1 1

  normal stress, N / m2

Stretching of a Liquid Film

2
W12    dA
1

where ,   surface tension, N / m


Electrical Work
2
W12    W    V .dq    V .idt
1

Power Transmitted by a Shaft

2
W12    W   F .dx   F .rd   Td
1
Heat Transfer

•If a block of hot copper is placed in a beaker of cold


water, we know from experience that the block of
copper cools down and the water warms up until the
copper and water reach the same temperature.

•What causes this decrease in the temperature of the


copper and the increase in the temperature of the
water?

•We say that it is the result of the transfer of energy


from the copper block to the water. It is from such a
transfer of energy that we arrive at a definition of heat.
Heat (transfer) is defined as the form of energy that is
transferred across the boundary of a system at a given
temperature to another system (or the surroundings) at
a lower temperature by virtue of the temperature
difference between the two systems.

Another aspect of this definition of heat is that a


body never contains heat. Rather, heat can be
identified only as it crosses the boundary. Thus, heat
is a transient phenomenon.
Units
Units of heat (Q) in SI system J or kJ
Rate of heat transfer, Q Watt or kW
Specific heat, q=Q/m, J/kg
English unit is the British thermal unit (Btu). Amount
of heat required to raise 1 lbm of water from 59.5 F
to 60.5 F
Calorie is defined as the amount of heat required to
raise 1 g of water from 14.5◦C to 15.5◦C.
Sign convention -Q
•Heat transfer to the system, +VE (Q>0)
System
•Heat transfer from the system, -VE (Q<0) +Q
2 2

1 Q2  Q12    Q   TdS
1 1

The amount of heat transfer during each process


not only is a function of the end states of the
process but also depends on the path followed in
going from one state to another.

For this reason, heat is called a path function or, in


mathematical parlance, δQ is an inexact differential.
Comparison between Work and Heat

Similarities between heat and work.


1. Both heat and work are boundary phenomena.
Both are observed only at the boundary of the
system. Systems never possess heat or work, but
either or both cross the system boundary when a
system undergoes a change of state.

2. Both heat and work are path functions and inexact


differentials.
Heat Transfer Work Transfer
A gas in a piston–cylinder assembly undergoes an
expansion process for which the relationship between
pressure and volume is given by PVn =constant. The
initial pressure is 3 bar, the initial volume is 0.1 m3 ,
and the final volume is 0.2 m3.
Determine the work for the process, in kJ, if (a) n = 1.5,
(b) n =1.0, and (c) n = 0.
Ans: +17.6kJ, +20.79kJ, +30kJ
1 1  PV 2 2  PV
2
(a) n=1.5 PV PV
W12   PdV  2 2
 1 1

1 n 1 1n
(b) n=1 2
V2
W12   PdV  PV
1 1 ln
1 V1

(c) n=0 2
W12   PdV  P(V2  V1 )
1

W= 3(0.2-0.1)x100=30kJ

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