It’s Role in….

* SPERMATOGENESIS
* COMMON COLD CURE
* ENZYME CHEMISTRY

A SUN & KINGLY GROUP PRESENTATION

ZINC – AN INTRODUCTION
Zinc is an essential trace element in all forms of life. Despite its critical
importance in maintaining such basic functions as proliferation and cell growth,
little is known about how zinc is acquired, stored, and utilized by the cell.
Recent pioneering studies in the area of zinc homeostasis have started to
uncover the mysteries of subcellular distribution and much less on the proteins
that maintain it.
It stimulates the activity of about 100 enzymes, substances that promote
biochemical reactions in your body. Among its many functions, zinc helps
maintain a healthy immune system, is needed for wound healing, helps
maintain your sense of taste and smell, and is needed for DNA synthesis. Zinc
also supports normal growth and development during pregnancy, childhood,
and adolescence, and helps sperm develop and is needed for ovulation and
fertilization.

A SUN & KINGLY GROUP PRESENTATION

ZINC DEFICIENCY
Zinc deficiency most often happens when its intake is inadequate or it is poorly
absorbed, when there are increased losses of zinc from the body, or when the
body’s requirement for zinc increases.

Zinc deficiency manifests as growth retardation, hair loss, diarrhea, delayed

sexual maturation and impotence, eye and skin lesions, and loss of appetite.
Necessary amounts of zinc can be found in a high-quality liquid multivitamin.

Weight loss, delayed healing of wounds, taste abnormalities, and mental

lethargy can also occur with zinc deficiency .

A SUN & KINGLY GROUP PRESENTATION

ZINC DEFICIENCY
30% to 50% of alcoholics are zinc deficient. Alcohol decreases the absorption
of zinc and increases loss of zinc in urine. Further, many alcoholics do not eat
an acceptable variety or amount of food, so their dietary intake of zinc may be
inadequate.

Zinc deficiency compromises your immune system. Zinc is required for the
development and activation of T-lymphocytes, a kind of white blood cell that
helps fight infection.

When zinc supplements are given to individuals with low zinc levels, the
numbers of T-cell lymphocytes circulating in the blood increase and the ability
of lymphocytes to fight infection improves dramatically.

A SUN & KINGLY GROUP PRESENTATION

It’s Role in Spermatogenesis

A SUN & KINGLY GROUP PRESENTATION

SPERMATOGENESIS – AN INTRODUCTION
Spermatogenesis begins as a germ line stem cell divides asymmetrically,
generating one daughter that retains stem cell fate (and remains adjacent to
the hub), and a second daughter cell that adopts spermatoblast fate. It is
thought that the germ line stem cell and its flanking cyst progenitor cells divide
in concert. The daughter cells remaining in contact with hub retain stem cell
fate, while the other daughters associate into a cyst, with the two daughter cyst
cells surrounding the single spermatoblast cell.
At the testis tip, there are 5 -9 large germ line stem cells (only one is shown in
the above diagram for clarity), anchored around a ãhubä of ~12 non-dividing
somatic cells. Two elongated somatic cells are nestled around each germ line
stem cell, while also contacting the hub. These act as stem cells for the
somatic cyst lineage, and are called cyst progenitor cells.

A SUN & KINGLY GROUP PRESENTATION

SPERMATOGENESIS – AN INTRODUCTION
Spermatogenesis begins as a germ line stem cell divides asymmetrically,
generating one daughter that retains stem cell fate (and remains adjacent to
the hub), and a second daughter cell that adopts spermatoblast fate. It is
thought that the germ line stem cell and its flanking cyst progenitor cells divide
in concert. The daughter cells remaining in contact with hub retain stem cell
fate, while the other daughters associate into a cyst, with the two daughter cyst
cells surrounding the single spermatoblast cell.
At the testis tip, there are 5 -9 large germ line stem cells (only one is shown in
the above diagram for clarity), anchored around a ãhubä of ~12 non-dividing
somatic cells. Two elongated somatic cells are nestled around each germ line
stem cell, while also contacting the hub. These act as stem cells for the
somatic cyst lineage, and are called cyst progenitor cells.

A SUN & KINGLY GROUP PRESENTATION

SPERMATOGENESIS – AND ZINC (CLINICAL EVALUATION)
Abbasi AA, Prasad AS, Rabbani PR.
Dietary zinc intake was restricted (2.7-5.0 mg daily) for 24 to 40 weeks in five
male volunteers. Their ages ranged from 51 to 65 years with a mean age of 57
years. Oligospermia was induced in all. In four subjects, oligospermia occurred
2 to 14 months after zinc restriction was instituted. In one subject, the onset of
oligospermia was not accurately determined. The duration of oligospermia in
the four subjects ranged from 6 to 14 months. Oligospermia was reversed after
2 to 32 months of zinc supplementation in physiologic amounts. The baseline
sperm count (mean +/- SE) 289 +/- 85 millions/ml dropped to 33 +/- 4.5
millions/ml (P less than 0.05) following zinc restriction, and increased to 151
+/- 33 millions/ml after zinc supplementation (P less than 0.025). Oligospermia
coincided with decline in Leydig cell function and was reversed in three
subjects after zinc supplementation in low doses. Our study has demonstrated
that dietary restriction of zinc can decrease sperm count, and that
oligospermia induced by mild zinc deficiency is a reversible process.
Oligospermia seems to be a sensitive indicator of zinc deficiency.

PMID: 549254 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

A SUN & KINGLY GROUP PRESENTATION

It’s Role in Common Cold Cure

A SUN & KINGLY GROUP PRESENTATION

COMMON COLD – AN INTRODUCTION
Common cold is one of the most frequent human illnesses, with an estimated
12 billion colds occurring each year worldwide. Approximately 62 million cases
of the common cold require medical attention each year, of which 27 million
occur in individuals under the age of 17 years. Preschool-age children average
about five to seven colds each year, compared to two or four colds in adults.
The common cold accounts for 20 million days of missed work, 22 million days
of missed school, 148 million days of restricted activity, and approximately $17
billion spent for physician visits annually.
Among the viral etiologic agents implicated in the common cold are more than
100 different strains of rhinoviruses. Rhinoviruses account for about 30% to
50% of all respiratory illnesses, but in the fall can cause up to 80% of all upper
respiratory infections. Rhinovirus infection begins with entry of the virus into
the anterior nasal mucosa or mucous membrane of the eye, transportation by
mucociliary action to theposterior nasopharynx, and invasion of the nasal
mucosal epithelium, where the virus replicates rapidly.

A SUN & KINGLY GROUP PRESENTATION

ZINC BIOFORCES - THE COMMON COLD CURATOR
During the past two decades, zinc-based medicines have gained widespread
popularity in combating symptoms of the common cold. However, not all zinc
products are the same, and the variations in formulation and dosage can be
significant.

Early studies in the 1980s indicated that ionic zinc, administered in the form of
oral lozenges, was effective in the prevention and treatment of the common
cold, significantly reducing both the duration and severity of cold symptoms.

By the late 1990s, researchers, impressed by the performance of ionic zinc

lozenges, began to explore a more direct route of administration. They
reasoned: If rhinovirus replication takes place in the nasal cells, and if zinc
effectively inhibits that replication, it makes sense to apply an ionic zinc
formulation directly to the nasal tissues.

A SUN & KINGLY GROUP PRESENTATION

ZINC BIOFORCES - THE COMMON COLD CURATOR

Studies of Zinc Sulphate

Zinc sulfate is a mineral salt that reacts with water to form a strong acid
(sulfuric acid) and the compound zinc oxide, which is practically insoluble in
water. By comparison, zinc gluconate is a weak organic salt that dissolves to
form positively charged zinc ions and negatively charged gluconate, which is a
natural, non-toxic compound found in all human tissues.

Studies of Zinc Gluconate

A preliminary clinical study of a spray formulation of zinc gluconate gel showed

that administration within 24 hours of symptom onset significantly shortened
symptom duration by 85%. The gel formulation consisted of 33 mM ionic zinc
in an emulsion with a pH of 7.2 and delivering 120 µL per spray. The same
formulation of zinc gluconate nasal gel spray was subsequently investigated in
three randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled studies. Two studies
evaluated its efficacy and safety in the treatment of natural colds, and a third
evaluated its use in the prevention and treatment of induced colds.

A SUN & KINGLY GROUP PRESENTATION

ZINC BIOFORCES - THE COMMON COLD CURATOR

PROVEN SAFETY:

The safety of zinc cold remedies is well documented. No serious adverse

events related to their use have been reported in any clinical trial. In studies of
lozenges and nasal sprays, the most commonly reported side effects were
headache, dry mouth and/or dry throat, taste alteration, nasal irritation or
burning, and gastrointestinal disturbances (primarily nausea and constipation).
In only a few studies were the incidence rates for some of these events higher
among patients treated with the zinc formulation than among those given a
placebo.

Summary The safety and efficacy of zinc products, in general, have been well
documented in a wide range of clinical and laboratory studies conducted over
the past two decades.
The findings on zinc gluconate, in particular, are supported by the results of
two large, double-blind, placebo-controlled randomized clinical trials. These
studies show that when administered within 24 hours of the onset of common
cold symptoms, zinc gluconate intranasal formulations are effective in reducing
the duration and severity of symptoms, even in patients with established
clinical illness. The evidence supporting the safety of zinc gluconate products
is equally impressive. A SUN & KINGLY GROUP PRESENTATION
It’s Role in Enzymatic Chemistry

A SUN & KINGLY GROUP PRESENTATION

ENZYMATIC CHEMISTRY – AN INTRODUCTION

Enzymes are the chemical workhorses of the cell. They are

responsible for catalyzing thousands of chemical reactions that make
life possible.

Enzymes are biological catalysts that combine with reactants (called

substrates) to form an unstable intermediate. Enzymes are protein
molecules folded into a complex shape that contains sites for capturing
and transforming substrates (active sites).

Some enzymes contain embedded metal ions or other molecules that

participate in the active site. An example is carbonic anhydrase, which
contains a zinc ion. It catalyzes the reaction

A SUN & KINGLY GROUP PRESENTATION

ZINC – IT’S ROLE IN ENZYMATIC CHEMISTRY

About 1 percent of the DNA in human cells specify zinc fingers

Zinc is an essential trace element in all forms of life. Despite its critical
importance in maintaining such basic functions as proliferation and cell growth,
little is known about how zinc is acquired, stored, and utilized by the cell.
Recent pioneering studies in the area of zinc homeostasis have started to
uncover the mysteries of subcellular distribution and much less on the proteins
that maintain it.

Zinc a central component of metal ion homeostasis systems aids in regulation

of ion flow across lipid membranes. Whether it is the plasma membrane that
separates the cell from external environment or intracellular organelle
membrane that spatially partition reagents into specific domains, these lipids
serve as barriers to the diffusion of charged and hydrophilic particles.
Compounds or small peptides that bind tightly to zinc may partially shield the
charge and act to ferry the ion across membranes. Ion-specific channels that
form gated pores through which ions can easily traverse may allow fort the
rapid and mass transport of the charged species.

A SUN & KINGLY GROUP PRESENTATION

ZINC – RDA

The RDA for zinc is 15 milligrams per day for men and 12 milligrams per day
for women. Recent research suggests that men have a higher need for zinc
than do women. Thus, it is appropriate that the RDA is sex-specific for zinc.

Zinc is an essential trace element that must be supplied in the diet of human
beings so that growth and health can be maintained. Zinc is necessary for
protein synthesis and the metabolism of vitamin A, zinc also helps the healing
process of internal and external wounds, decreases cholesterol deposits and
promotes mental awareness. A deficiency in zinc can cause loss of appetite,
growth retardation and immunological abnormalities.

Zinc is more easily absorbed in small amounts than large amounts. Human
studies have shown that milk apparently inhibits zinc absorption. Because
cow's milk and milk products are the major sources of calcium and higher
levels of calcium have been recommended in women to protect against bone
loss, this could be a matter for concern. Zinc bioavailability is reduced by
protein or fiber.Smoking and alcohol also decreases the absorption of zinc.

Ingestion of zinc supplements exceeding 15 mg per day is not recommended.

Toxicity can cause gastrointestinal irritation and vomiting. .

A SUN & KINGLY GROUP PRESENTATION

Our Zinc Arsenal

A SUN & KINGLY GROUP PRESENTATION

•ZINC ACETATE •ZINC PICOLINATE

•ZINC AMINO ACID CHELATES •ZINC LACTATE

•ZINC AMINOATE •ZINC IODIDE

•ZINC ASCORBATE •ZINC PHOSPHATE

•ZINC CARBONATE •ZINC SALICYLATE

•ZINC CITRATE •ZINC STEARATE USP

•ZINC GLYCINE SULPHATE •ZINC TARTARATE

•ZINC GLUCONATE •ZINC SULPHATE MONOHYDRATE BP/USP

•ZINC GLUBIONATE

A SUN & KINGLY GROUP PRESENTATION

 ZINC CONTENT %
Zinc Hydrolyzed Vegetable Protein Chelate 20 - 22 %
Zinc Hydrolyzed Vegetable Protein Chelate 30 - 32 %
Zinc Amino Acid Chelate 10 - 12 %
Zinc Amino Acid Chelate 20 - 22 %
ZincAmino Acid Chelate Granular 20 - 22 %
Zinc Amino Acid Chelate 30 - 32 %
Zinc Amino Acid Chelate Granular 30 - 32 %
Zinc Arginate 15 - 17 %
Zinc Ascorbate Complex 15 - 17 %
Zinc Caprylate 18 - 20 %
Zinc Citrate 30 - 33 %
Zinc Citrate Granular 30 - 33 %

A SUN & KINGLY GROUP PRESENTATION

 ZINC CONTENT %
Zinc Gluconate 12 - 14 %
Zinc Gluconate 14 - 17 %
Zinc Gluconate Granular 14 - 17 %
Zinc Glycinate 20 - 22 %

Zinc Glycinate 25 - 27 %

Zinc Histidinate 17.5 - 19.5 %

Zinc Krebs 30 - 32 %
Zinc Krebs Granular 30 - 32 %
Zinc L-Aspartate 20 - 22 %
Zinc Methionine 20 % Min

Zinc Orotate 17 - 19 %

Zinc Picolinate 19.7 - 22.0 %

Zinc Picolinate 20 - 22 %
Zinc Succinate 35 - 37 %
Zinc Undecylenate 15 %

A SUN & KINGLY GROUP PRESENTATION

 FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT:

M/S SUN & KINGLY PHARMACEUTICALS PVT.LTD.

202, Kukreja Complex, 2nd Floor,

Above Canara Bank, L.B.S. Marg,
Bhandup (W), Mumbai – 400 078.
TEL: 91–22-2566 8162 / 2566 8147
TELEFAX: 91-22-2566 80 90.

E-MAIL : sunandkingly@rediffmail.com

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