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COMPUTER

FUNDAMENTALS
Presented by
Geeta Mete
Topics for the day
• The Role of Computers
• Parts of a Computer
• Using a Computer
• Overview of a Keyboard
• Using a Mouse
• Input Output and Storage Devices
• What is an Operating System
• Introduction to Networks
• Functions of an Operating System
Topics for Self Study
• Types of Computers
• Using the Internet
• The Role of Memory
• Computer Performance
• Managing Files and Folders
• Performing Basic File Operations
What is a computer?
• A computer is an electronic device that
manipulates information or "data."
• It has the ability to
• store,
• retrieve, and
• process data.
• You can use a computer to type
documents, send email, and surf the
Internet.
• You can also use it to handle spreadsheets,
accounting, database management,
presentations, games, and more.
Computers Simplified

• All types of computers consist of two


basic parts – hardware and software.

Hardware is any part of your computer


that has a physical structure, such as
the computer monitor or keyboard. If
you can touch it, it is hardware.
• Software is any set of instructions that
tells the hardware what to do. It is
what guides the hardware and tells it
how to accomplish each task.
Computer Parts
• There are many parts
that work together to
make a computer
work.
Hardware
• Physical parts of the
computer, including
processor and
memory chips,
input/output devices,
tapes, disks, modems,
cable, etc.
CPU
• The Central
Processing Unit
Processor
• The CPU – The chip or
chips that interpret
and execute program
instructions and
manage the functions
of input, output, and
storage devices.
Computer Case
• Contains the major
components of the
computer. It helps
protect them.
Front of the Computer Case
Inside the Computer Case
Monitor
• A display screen to
provide “output” to
the user. It is where
you view the
information your are
working on.
Video Card
• Connects the computer
to the monitor. It is a
circuit board attached to
the motherboard that
contains the memory and
other circuitry necessary
to send information to
the monitor for display on
screen.
Keyboard
• Used to enter
information into the
computer and for
giving commands.
Mouse
• An input device operated
by rolling its ball across a
flat surface. The mouse is
used to control the on-
screen pointer by
pointing and clicking,
double-clicking, or
dragging objects on the
screen.
Touchpad
• A pressure-sensitive
and motion sensitive
device used in place
of a mouse.
CD Rom Drive
• The drive that plays
CDs and reads data
that has been stored
on the CD.
CD
• Compact Disk – A type
of optical storage
device.
Floppy Disk Drive
• A device that holds a
removable floppy disk
when in use;
read/write heads read
and write data to the
diskette.
Hard Disk
• Magnetic storage
device in the
computer.
RAM
• Random Access Memory
RAM is a computer’s
temporary memory,
which exists as chips on
the motherboard near
the CPU. It stores data or
programs while they are
being used and requires
power.
Printer
• An output device that
produces a hard copy
on paper. It gives
information to the
user in printed form.
Barcode Reader
• An input device that
converts a pattern of
printed bars into a
number that a
computer can read.
They are often used
by businesses to
quickly input price
and product
information.
Scanner
• A device that allows
pictures to be placed
into a computer.
Microphone
• Allows the user to
record sounds as
input to their
computer.
Speakers
• Used to generate or
reproduce voice,
music, and other
sounds.
Sound Card
• Connects the
speakers and
microphone to the
computer.
Modem
• The place where the
computer is
connected to the
phone line.
Network Card
• A circuit board that
connects the
computer to the rest
of the network usually
using special cables.
Software
• Programs that tell the
computer what to do.
It provides
instructions that the
CPU will need to carry
out.
DOS
• Disk Operating System
This software connects the hardware with the
programs you want to run.

MS-DOS:

Microsoft DOS (Disk Operating System) is a


command line user interface. MS-DOS 1.0 was
released in 1981 for IBM computers.
Example of MS-DOS
Windows
• A family of operating
systems developed and
produced by Microsoft
Corp. It provides a
software graphical user
interface (GUI) used on
IBM and compatible
computers.
Example of Windows (GUI)
KEYBOARD
• The Keyboard
• (This is the primary
input device)
KEYBOARD
• Alphanumeric Keys
KEYBOARD
• Numeric Keypad
KEYBOARD
• Enter (Return) Key
KEYBOARD
• Spacebar
KEYBOARD
• “Modifier” keys: CTRL,
ALT, SHIFT
KEYBOARD
• “State “ keys: Caps,
Scroll, Numlock
KEYBOARD
• Windows keys
MOUSE
• Holding the mouse
• Grip between thumb
and ring finger
• (Right handed grip
shown, Lefties use
other hand)
MOUSE
• Mouse Pointer
MOUSE
• Left Clicking
MOUSE
• Right clicking
MOUSE
• Double clicking
• (Use the left side,
• Click twice)
MOUSE
• Click and drag
MOUSE
• Scroll wheel and
optional buttons
Operating System
• A program that controls the execution of application programs
• An interface between applications and hardware

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Operating System Objectives
• Convenience
• Makes the computer more convenient to use
• Efficiency
• Allows computer system resources to be used in an efficient manner
• Ability to evolve
• Permit effective development, testing, and introduction of new system
functions without interfering with service

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Layers of Computer System

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Services Provided by the Operating System
• Program development
• Editors and debuggers
• Program execution
• Access to I/O devices
• Controlled access to files
• System access

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Services Provided by the Operating System
• Error detection and response
• Internal and external hardware errors
• Memory error
• Device failure
• Software errors
• Arithmetic overflow
• Access forbidden memory locations
• Operating system cannot grant request of application

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Services Provided by the Operating System
• Accounting
• Collect usage statistics
• Monitor performance
• Used to anticipate future enhancements
• Used for billing purposes

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Operating System
• Responsible for managing resources
• Functions same way as ordinary computer software
• It is program that is executed
• Operating system relinquishes control of the processor

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Computer Networks
• A computer network is a system for communicating
between two or more computers and associated devices. It
is an interconnection of computers for the purposes of
sharing information and resources.
• A popular example of a computer network is the internet,
which allows millions of users to share information
• Computer networks can be classified according to their
size:
– Personal area network (PAN)
– Local area network (LAN)
– Metropolitan area network (MAN)
– Wide area network (WAN)

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An example of a network

Router
Hub
Bridge Segment Node

Hub

Internet

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Personal Area Network
• A PAN is a network that is used for
communicating among computers and
computer devices (including telephones) in
close proximity of around a few meters within
a room
• It can be used for communicating between the
devices themselves, or for connecting to a
larger network such as the internet
• PAN’s can be wired or wireless
• PAN’s can be wired with a computer bus such as a
universal serial bus: USB (a serial bus standard for
connecting devices to a computer, where many
devices can be connected concurrently)
• PAN’s can also be wireless through the use of
bluetooth (a radio standard designed for low power
consumption for interconnecting computers and
devices such as telephones, printers or keyboards to
the computer) or IrDA (infrared data association)
technologies

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Local Area Network
• A LAN is a network that is used for communicating among
computer devices, usually within an office building or
home
• LAN’s enable the sharing of resources such as files or
hardware devices that may be needed by multiple users
• Is limited in size, typically spanning a few hundred meters,
and no more than a mile
• Is fast, with speeds from 10 Mbps to 10 Gbps
• Requires little wiring, typically a single cable connecting
to each device
• Has lower cost compared to MAN’s or WAN’s

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Wide Area Network

A WAN is a Wide Area Network, which would be all networks too large
to be LANs.
A WAN would be most useful for large companies with offices or
factories in widely separated areas, like Microsoft, IBM, Ford, AT&T, etc.
Metropolitan Area Network
A metropolitan area network (MAN) is a large computer network that
usually spans a city or a large campus.
A MAN usually interconnects a number of local area networks (LANs)
using a high-capacity backbone technology, such as fiber-optical links,
and provides up-link services to wide area networks and the Internet.

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