IPA (2005)

International Phonetic Alphabet

•1886
•2015 & 2018 face types
•107 “letters”; 52 diacritics; 4 prosodic marks
•Segments

IPA Chart
Segments

•Voiced & Voiceless

•Consonants (pulmonic, non
pulmonic) & Vowels
•Place of articulation
English IPA
Consonants
Consonants
• one of the speech sounds or
letters of the alphabet that is not
a vowel. Consonants are
pronounced by stopping the air
from flowing easily through the
mouth, especially by closing the
lips or touching the teeth with
the tongue.

Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary & Thesaurus

Consonants
f Full, Friday, fish, knife.
v Vest, village, view, cave.
θ (theta) Thought, Think, Bath.
ð (eth) There, those, brothers, others.
z Zoo, crazy, lazy, zigzag, nose.
ʃ (esh) Shirt, rush, shop, cash.
ʒ (ezh) Television, delusion, casual
h High, help, hello.
Consonants: fricatives

A fricative is obtained by narrowing the

airstream so as to make the flow turbulent
and produce a kind of hissing sound
(frication). A fricative does not usually have a
clear attack and release; it can be arbitrarily
prolonged. The two consonants in the English
word “fuss” are fricatives.
Consonants: fricatives
f Full, Friday, fish, knife.
v Vest, village, view, cave.
θ (theta) Thought, Think, Bath.
ð (eth) There, those, brothers, others.
z Zoo, crazy, lazy, zigzag, nose.
ʃ (esh) Shirt, rush, shop, cash.
ʒ (ezh) Television, delusion, casual
h High, help, hello.
Consonants: plosives
p Pin, cap, purpose, pause.
b Bag, bubble, build, robe.
t Time, train, tow, late.
d Door, day, drive, down, feed.
k Cash, quick, cricket, sock.
ɡ Girl, green, grass, flag.
Consonants: plosive
Plosives are consonants which are produced by
completely interrupting the flow of air by obstructing
it in some way. For example, the two consonants in the
English word “copy” are (voiceless) plosives. A plosive
consists of three parts: first, the flow is interrupted (this
is the attack), then for some time there is no flow (and
thus no sound if the plosive is voiceless), and finally
comes the release which terminates the plosive.
Consonants: affricatives
tʃ Choose, cheese, church, watch.

dʒ Joy, juggle, juice, stage.

Consonants: affricative
Consonants: affricative

A stop and its immediately following

release into a fricative that are
considered to constitute a single
phoneme (such as the \t\ and \sh\ of
\ch\ in choose)
Consonants: nasals
m Room, mother, mad, more

n Now, nobody, knew, turn.

ŋ King, thing, song, swimming.

Consonants: nasals

Nasals are very much like plosives,

except that the air is allowed to escape
through the nose: the attack diverts the
flow of air through the nose rather than
interrupting it
Consonants: approximants
r Road, roses, river, ring, ride

j Yellow, usual, tune, yesterday, yard.

w Wall, walk, wine, world.

l Law, lots, leap, long, pill, cold, chill,

melt.
Consonants: approximants

When the airflow is no longer turbulent,

fricatives becomes approximants (also called
“continuants” or “semivowels” — although the
latter term is better reserved for non-lateral
approximants).