IPC (GROUP-5)

SR. NO NAME EN. NO

1 SAVAN PADARIYA 130450105023

2 KEWAL PATEL 130450105031

3 MAULIK PATEL 130450105033

4 KEVAL JOSHI 140453105005

Introduction : what is transfer function ?

A transfer function is a mathematical representation

for fit or to describe inputs and outputs of black box
models.

Transfer functions are commonly used in the

analysis of systems such as single-input single-
output filters, typically within the fields of signal
processing, communication theory, and control
theory.
 Single loop system

• The closed-loop transfer function is measured at

the output. The output signal wave form can be
calculated from the closed-loop transfer function
and the input signal waveform.
• An example of a closed-loop transfer function is
shown below:
• The summing node and the G(s) and H(s) blocks
can all be combined into one block, which would
have the following transfer function:
Above figure we may write :
Block diagram : multi loop system
 Differences between Open-loop and Closed-loop
control systems

• These two types of control system have contrast with

each other. They have dissimilarities some of which are
discussed below:
• Effect of output
• – An open loop control system acts completely on the
basis of input and the output has no effect on the
control action.
• – A closed loop control system considers the current
output and alters it to the desired condition. The
control action in these systems is based on the output.
Reaction to Internal and External Disturbances
– An open loop control system works on fixed operation
conditions and there are no disturbances.
– A closed loop control system doesn’t encounter and react on
external disturbances or internal variations.

Stability
– Open loop control systems are mostly stable.
– In closed loop control systems stability is a major issue.
Effect on gain
– There is no effect on gain.
– There is no-linear change in system gain.

Implementation
– The structure of open loop control system is rather easy to
construct. These systems can be easily implemented.
– The working principle and structures of closed loop control
systems are rather complex and they are often difficult to
implement.
Cost
– As an open loop control system is easy to implement, it needs
lesser number of components to be constructed. Such systems
need good calibration and lesser power rating. The overall cost
of these systems is low.
– As the principle is complex, a closed loop control system needs
larger number of components than an open loop control
systems. These systems comparatively need less calibration and
higher power rating. The overall cost of these systems is higher.
 Any drive motor is controlled by either an
open loop or closed loop system. It is important to
decide which system you will need for your
motor. We are going to cover what a general
control system looks like and open loop vs. closed
loop control systems for drive motors to help you
discover which is the better fit for your motor
design.
Both systems have the same parts. The first
section of a system is the input. An input can be
potentiometer, analog or digital. Some examples
of inputs are velocity, heat or position.
• The next section of a motor control system is
where the input becomes amplified. Two major
amplifiers are transfer functions and
gains. Transfer functions modify the input to the
output format desired. Gains are flat multipliers
that increase or decrease the value of the input
signal.
• After this happens the data leaves the system
through the output. Open and closed loop
systems are different by how the input and
outputs communicate through the process. Let's
compare the two systems.
 Open Loop
• This control system is the simpler of the two. In an open
loop control system the input passes through amplifiers to
produce the correct output and out of the system. There
is no feedback or adjustments made. The input needs to
return to zero before the output can return to zero.
• Pros
• Easy to design
• Lower costs
• Quick to build
• Cons
• Harder to maintain desired speed
• Susceptible to external influences like temperature, load
or air density
 Closed Loop
• The closed loop control system self adjusts. The input data
doesn't only flow one way. It can pass an amplifier and go
back to the start to adjust the specific input whether it is
velocity, heat, position, etc.
• Pros
• Easier to achieve and maintain desired speed
• More intuitive controls
• Speed isn't susceptible to external influences
• Cons
• More engineering investment up front
• Specifically tuned for each motor or blower
• Most motors or blowers are built with closed loop control
systems because it allows for more information to be used and
a greater ability of the motor.
THANK YOU