Professional Documents
Culture Documents
EXAMINATION
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A questioned document is any document which
some issue has been raised or placed under
scrutiny
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Questioned Document Examination has been a
profession since 1870, and is frequently done in
cases of forgery, counterfeiting, mail, fraud,
kidnapping, embezzlement, gambling,
organized crime, white collar crime, art crime,
theft, robbery, arson, burglary, homicide, serial
murder, and deviant sex crime
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In Webster dictionary, signature is
defined as ones name written by
himself on a document as a sign of
acknowledgement
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1. Documents with questioned signatures
- this groups includes any papers
containing signature that is under
suspicion, the document whose
signature is disputed in its authenticity
maybe a check, note, receipt, draft,
contract, will and any commercial, legal,
military or personal papers
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2. Documents containing alleged fraudulent
alteration
- this groups includes all papers which
are alleged to contain some changes
made fraudulently by erasure, addition,
interlineations or substitution.
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3. Holograph Document Questioned or
Disputed
- this class of suspected papers comprises
those in which the writing of an entire
written document is questioned.
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4. Documents attacked on the questioned of their
date and age
- this class of questioned documents
includes those in which the age of an
instrument or the age of some of its parts are
investigated
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5. Documents Attacked on the Questioned of
Materials Used in Their Production
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6. Documents That Identify the Handwriting
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7. Genuine Documents Erroneously or
Fraudulently Attacked
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1. Mechanical erasures
- alteration that produce an abrasion on the
paper
3. Additions
- in this type of case, new pages of writing,
typewriting or printing may be inserted.
- perhaps only a few lines are added to alter
the original meaning of the document.
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4. Interlineations
- the writing between the lines of an
instrument for the purpose of adding a part to
it or correcting what has been written.
5. Substitution
- it is another kind of fraudulent alteration
that is committed when an entire page has been
remove from an instrument and has been
replaced by another piece containing matters
different from those of the remove page.
- a substitution does not contain any
signature or seal
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6. Cancellation and Obliteration
- an alteration by cancellation is occasionally
found in a document of importance such as
will, dead, or contract to eliminate a word,
name or sentence without the necessity of
rewriting the matter.
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DEVELOPMENT
OF
HANDWRITING
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Handwriting
- the act of writing using a pen, pencil or
other writing instruments.
- it may also refer to a persons particular
style of learning
Graphology
- the science that deals with the study of
handwriting particularly its characteristics.
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The evidence of the writer himself
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Witness who saw in the ordinary courses of
business documents presumably written or
signed by the person.
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Albert S. Osborn
- he was an examiner of questioned
document in New York on 1887 and author
of “Questioned Document”, “The Mind of
the Juror,” and “Questioned Document
Problems”
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B.J Vreeland Haring and J. Howard Haring
- the father and son Haring of New York
were the world famous handwriting experts
who testified on the Charles A. Lindberg Jr.
kidnapping case.
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J. Newton Baker, LI.M of the Washington
- he was a consultative expert in disputed
documents, and in 1955 he authored the
book, Law of Disputed and forged
documents”
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James Conway
- examiner of Questioned Documents, San
Francisco, California postal Inspector in-
charge San Francisco Identification
Laboratory U.S Postal Inspection Service
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Hans Schneickert
- a Doctor of Law and Director of the
identification Bureau of the Police Department
of Berlin until 1928.
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Dr. Wilson R. Harrison
- director of the British Government’s Office
Home Office Forensic Science Laboratory and
honorary member of the American Society of
Questioned Document Examiners.
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The natural and subconscious handwriting
characteristics developed by the individual are
a product of both the movements of the hand,
which writes and the mind which directs the
writing.
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Refer to the significant peculiarities
found in the writing as expressed by
the style, movement, pressure,
direction, angle, curve and any other
minor features of the writing habit
of the individual.
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1. Recognition
2. Correct interpretation
Quality
- more general term than the word element
- refers to an extended or pervasive data
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I. Form
- it is a shape of the individual letters
- every letter is distinguishable because it has a
different form made up of a different
constituent
a. Analysis of form
steps:
1. to dissect normal forms of individual
letters into their components and to describe
and name each salient feature practical.
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2. to analyze the usual and unusual
deviations from the normal forms
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2
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3 4
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b. “Normal form” and “Deviates “
Normal form
– means the more or less perfectly executed letter
- these are known as “norm”
Deviates
- any variance from the standards which may
only be slight or quite pronounced
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c. Ovals in form
- ovals have variety of form in
different writing, same being more
round than oval and others much
narrower than the normal . They
maybe close or open. The beginning
of the stroke forming the oval
maybe above or below the end, or
they may intersect.
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ROUND OVAL
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NARROW AND ELONGATED OVAL
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OPEN OVAL
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EYELET AT BEGINNING AND END OF OVAL
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d. Foot in forms
- foot is the part of a down stroke which results on the
base line or near it and the “toe” or “terminal” is the
end of the final stroke.
- When the terminal stroke is connected with the
following letter, it is then known as a “link” or
“connecting stroke”
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4 3
1 5
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e. Tick in forms
- “tick” is a short section of a straight stroke
usually located at the beginning or ending of a
stroke.
- it is usually ornamental only and is seldom
essential to eligibility.
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2
1
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f. Junction and forms
- “Junction” – means the meeting of two lines ,
which do not cross. When the lines cross each
other, it is known as an “intersection”
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2
3 5
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2
3
1 6
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g. Similarities of form
- similarities of form are not indicative of
identity unless they concern unusual
form or deviation from the normal.
Similarities are found to occur in
different writings, but such similarities
exist only in letters which are normal in
form. These deviation, which are found
to be habitual are given the greatest
weight. The pattern of letters has three
dimensions: width, depth, and height.
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h. Initial or approach on form
- the initial or approach stroke is
found to be individual. The direction
of the motion, the relative position of
the beginning and its height above
the writing line serve to characterize
and individual handwriting.
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The habit of writing may be defined as a
tendency or inclination to do a thing in a
certain manner which is acquired by doing it
frequently.
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Extensor muscle
- muscles involved in the upward movement of
fingers and these extensor muscles are used to
open the fingers out straight
Flexor muscle
- the muscles that close fingers against the palm
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A.Skill in the art of writing is
contingent upon may factors:
1. manual dexterity, inherent or
acquired
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means the typical fountain pen, ball point pen
or pencil used in executing the writing.
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B. Identifying the work of a fountain pen?
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3. smoothness, roughness or broken character of
the stroke
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It is the term used to described the relative
smoothness of a line
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1. Inequality in movement at any pace in any
stroke or line
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4. Frequent interruptions in movement
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1. Unusual and erratic departures of the line
from its intended course
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4. Very uneven alignment
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1. More varied pen strokes caused by the
uncertainty, hesitation and unfamiliar its in
the formation of the letters and the process of
writing
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3. Absence of definite style of writing resulting
from the writers limited experience with pen
and pencil, and lack of knowledge of the size
and proportions of the letters of his signatures
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Pathological tremors which result in a
convulsive manner of writing are independent
of the will and are, thus, beyond the writers
control.
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Shading in writing is the widening of the line
by the application of pressure to add color to
the writing
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It is the superimpose of line in the letter
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Line is a row written or printed characteristics
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All writing is made up of straight lines and
curves with their junctions angles, retraces and
sometimes eyelets
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The mental and physical condition of the
individual
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The time and place
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Connection means the stroke or links which
connect a letter with the following letters
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1. Arcade
- a rounded stroke shape like an arc.
- it is a slow mode of connections resulting
from controlled movements
2. Garland
- links the downward stroke to the upstroke
with flowing curve swinging from left to right
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3. Angular Connective Form
- a connection in which the downward stroke
and upward stroke meet directly
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Observation of the general spacing of the
writing on page should be made and the width
of margins determined.
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Refers to the manner in which an individual
letters and words end
1. straight terminals
2. curved up or down terminal
3. rarely terminal
4. spiraled terminal
5. hooked terminal
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1. Terminals maybe upward
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It is the path traced by the pen on a paper
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Expansion – refers to the movement, whether
extended or limited in its range with respect to
both vertical and horizontal dimensions
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In form a stroke may be straight or curve.
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Strokes may also be classified according
to their position.
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It is the inclination of letters which may either
be the right or left
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It is the relaxation of a line or the words in a
line, or the letters in a word to the base line.
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Good alignment – obtained by a forearm
movement in which the elbow joint is used as
the center or pivot of lateral action and is held
right angles to the line of writing.
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It refers to the way in which written
matters are put in order on the page
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The direct outgrowth of definite teaching
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1. The general placing of writing on a sheet or
page and its artistic and balance arrangement
of parts or its unbalanced and inartistic
appearance
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3. Placing or locating of words with reference to
an imaginary or actual baseline, i.e, on the line
above the line, below the line, or partly above
or partly below
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6. horizontal, uphill, downhill, curved or mixed
direction of alignment of signature on line of
writing
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9. Paragraph and its frequency or its omission and
the average depth of indention at beginning of
paragraphs
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13. Connections or unbroken pen lines between
words
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It is a small mark, which by virtue of their
inconspicuous are all the more valuable as
identifying features.
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1. When the pen is applied to the paper without
pressure, the period maybe:
a. a mere dot
b. circular
c. slightly elongated
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2. The spreading of the two nibs when pressured
may result in a heart-shaped of triangular
shaped, with point or up down, or it may
assume the form of a comma with tail up or
down.
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FORGED DOCUMENTS
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Tracing is copying a writing done by following the
lines of the original.
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This is the act of assuming the appearance and
character of the original without reality.
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1. Simulated Signature
- it is the free hand writing in imitation of a
model signature or a copy.
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- He works slowly, stroke after stroke .
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2. Traced Signature
- this type of forged signature is a tracing of a
genuine signature.
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b. Indirect Tracing
- the forger use a carbon paper and place the
document on which on which he will trace the
forged signatures under the document bearing the
model signature with carbon paper between the
two.
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c. Indentation process
- the document containing the model signature
is placed on top of the forged document.
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3. Simple forgery
- simple forgery is a kind of forged signature in
which the writing writes something that
resembles what is ordinary identified as a
signature.
2. Absence of rhythm
5. Slow writing
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6. Blunt beginning and ending
9. Absence of variation
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a forged signature is based upon the presence
of defects in the signature.
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Hesitation and slow writing movement are
other common defects of imitated forgeries
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GENUINENESS OF WRITING
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Are normally smoothly written and executed
with at least, moderate speed containing an
occasional uncertain stroke or signs of an
occasional slow writing movement.
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A forgery is established when it can be shown
that the signature is unnatural either in the way
that it is written or in its form.
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Signatures written under abnormal condition
such as when the writer is standing, reclining,
riding or writing upon an uneven surface are
not completely characteristics.
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Rhythm - is defined as a harmonious
recurrence of stress or impulses motion, and
handwriting can classified by the quality or the
perfection of its rhythm.
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Speed in writing is the rapidity in movement of
the pen or pencil in the formation of the letters
comprising words and sentences.
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Smooth, unbroken stroke and rounded forms
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Letters curtailed or degenerated almost illegibility
toward the end of words
Rising line
Narrow writing
Illegibility
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Smooth quality line
Absence of retouching
Illegibility
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Illegibility
Misspelling
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Omission of strokes or simplification
Carelessness
Ink failures
Even pressures
Speed
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Impression found on the sides of impression
strokes by the use of a side light when forgery
is by tracing
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Appearance of irregular tremor in the line of
stroke
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Identity is proved when two handwriting
contain a sufficient number of significant
characteristics, qualities and elements so that it
is unreasonable to say that they would all
accidentally coincide in two different
handwriting.
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