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Acute Chronic
i. Pseudomembra i. Atrophic
a) Denture sore mouth
nous b) Angular cheilitis
ii. Atrophic c) Median rhomboid glossitis
(erythematous) ii. Hypertrophic/hyperplas
a) Antibiotic tic
stomatitis a) Candidal leukoplakia
b) Papillary hyperplasia of the
palate
c) Median rhomboid glossitis
(nodular)
iii. Multifocal
4
THRUSH - Pseudomembranous
candidosis
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
• Plaque form of lichen planus: lesions of thrush
can be wiped with the help of gauge
• Gangrenous stomatitis: pseudomembrane is
dirty in color & not raised above the surface
• Chemical burns: The superficial white material
burn of oral mucosa appears thin and delicate
as compared to pseudomembranous
candidiasis.
• LEUK0PLAKIA
6
Acute atrophic candidiasis presents as a
red patch of atrophic or
erythematous raw and painful mucosa,
with minimal evidence of the white pseudo-
membranous lesions observed in thrush
Depapillation of tongue occurs
7
Antibiotic sore mouth, a common form of atrophic
candidiasis, should be suspected in a patient who
develops symptoms of
oral burning,
bad taste, or
sore throat during or after therapy with broad-spectrum
antibiotics.
Patients with chronic iron deficiency anemia may also
develop atrophic candidiasis
8
FIGURE: A patient with a history of chronic iron
FIGURE: Antibiotic sore mouth in deficiency anemia developed red, raw, and painful
which a red patch of atrophic raw, areas of the mucosa, diagnosed as acute atrophic
painful mucosa is seen candidiasis.
Erythematous candidosis in HIV/AIDS.
Chronic atrophic candidiasis includes
• denture stomatitis (denture sore mouth),
• angular cheilitis, and
• median rhomboid glossitis.
11
A C
D 12
ANGULAR ST0MATITIS - CHEILITIS
• Typically seen in patients with denture-related
stomatitis
• It may be a sign of diabetes, nutritional deficiency,
or immune defect.
• Commonly is an isolated initial sign of anemia or
vitamin deficiency, such as vitamin B-12, and
resolves when the underlying disease has been
treated.
• Iron deficiency anemia and other vitamin
deficiencies have been cited as other predisposing
factors.
FIGURE: Median rhomboid
glossitis.
CANDIDIASIS
• Side effects
– increased liver enzymes,
– abdominal pain, and
– pruritus are rare
• Fluconazole is more effective than ketoconazole, but
its frequent use can lead to the development of
resistance to the drug.
17
• The simultaneous administration of
– ketoconazole (or the related antifungal
itraconazole) and
– cisapride or antihistamines (terfenadine and
astemizole)
• is associated occasionally with ventricular
arrhythmias and other serious cardiovascular
events.
18
Labiopalatoschizis
•
• Disentri amoeba
• – Amebiasis ringan – sedang : tetrasiklin 500 mg 4 kali selama 5
hari
• – Amebiasis berat : metronidazole 3 x 750 mg selama 5 – 10 hari,
• kloroquin posfat 1 gr / hari selama 2 hari, dilanjutkan 500
mg/hari selama 4 minggu, dan emetin 1 mg/kgBB/hari/IM
selama 10 hari
Giardiasis
• GIARDIA LAMBLIA
• GREASY ST00L
• TR0P0Z0IT SEPERTI DAUN, VS E. HYST0LITICA,
TR0P0Z0IT ADA ERITR0SIT
• 0BAT PILIHAN : METR0NIDAZ0LE
IBS - R0ME III CRITERIA
• PALING TIDAK 3 BULAN DENGAN 0NSET 6
BULAN SEBELUMNYA DARI NYERI ATAU RASA
TIDAK NYAMAN PADA ABD0MEN YANG
BERHUBUNGAN DENGAN 2 ATAU LEBIH:
- GEJALA MEMBAIK DENGAN DEFEKASI
- PERUBAHAN FREKUENSI DEFEKASI
-PERUBAHAN BENTUK ATAU K0NSISTENSI
FESES
K0LELITIASIS
• 4 F FEMALE F0RTY FEMALE FAT
• NYERI EPIGASTRIUM
K0LESISTITIS
• Infeksi yang terjadi pada kandung empedu.
Kolesistitis terkait erat dengan kejadian batu
empedu.
Dasar diagnosis :
• Nyeri tekan dan nyeri lepas pada epigastrium
atau hipokondrium kanan.
• Mual dan muntah
• Demam dan leukositosis
K0LESISTITIS
• Tatalaksana :
• Terapi konservatif : analgesik dan antibiotik.
• Analgesik : morphine dan meperidine
• Antibiotik : cephalosporin generasi III
cefoperazone 2x1gr IV plus metronodazole
4x500 mg IV
CH0LANGITIS
• RIWAYAT K0LED0K0LITIASIS ATAU RIWAYAT
MANIPULASI TRAKTUS BILIER DENGAN
DEMAM, NYERI PERUT KANAN ATAS, DAN
KUNING.
HEM0R0ID
• Hemoroid interna diklasifikasikan menjadi 4 derajat
yaitu :
• Derajat I : Tonjolan masih di lumen rektum, biasanya
keluhan penderita adalah perdarahan
• Derajat II : Tonjolan keluar dari anus waktu defekasi
dan masuk sendiri setelah selesai defekasi.
• Derajat III : Tonjolan keluar waktu defekasi, harus
didorong masuk setelah defekasi selesai karena tidak
dapat masuk sendiri.
• Derajat IV : Tonjolan tidak dapat didorong
masuk/inkarserasi
HEM0R0ID
• HEM0R0ID DERAJAT I & II TERAPI N0N
BEDAH DIET, 0BAT-0BATAN, SKLER0TERAPI,
LIGASI, KRI0TERAPI, K0AGULASI INFRA MERAH
• HEM0R0ID DERAJAT III & IV BEDAH
CR0HN & ULCERATIVE C0LITIS
• Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic
condition that includes two major entities :
1- Crohn’s disease
2- ulcerative colitis
• Ulcerative colitis is limited to the colon and
rectum and extends only into the mucosa and
submucosa.
Taenia saginata
Taenia species
• The eggs of the two species cannot
be differentiated.
Ascaris lumbricoides
Common Name Giant Intestinal Roundworm
Infective Stage Embryonated Egg
Habitat Small Intestine
Mode of Transmission Ingestion of contaminated food/ water
Diagnostic Specimen Feces
Ascaris lumbricoides 2
Enterobius vermicularis
Common Name Pinworm
Infective Stage Embryonated Egg
Habitat Large Intestine
Mode of Transmission Ingestion of egg/ autoinfection
Diagnostic Specimen Feces/ Cellophane Tape prep
Trichuris trichura
Trichuris trichura
Common Name Whipworm
Infective Stage Embryonated Egg
Habitat Large Intestine
Mode of Transmission Ingestion of egg via contaminated food/ water
Diagnostic Specimen Feces
Trichuris trichura 2
Necator americanus and ancylostoma
duodenale
A. duodenale N. americanus
KERACUNAN
• Dekontaminasi lambung (menghilangkan racun
dari lambung) efektif bila dilakukan sebelum
masa pengosongan lambung terlewati (1-2 jam,
termasuk penuh atau tidaknya lambung).
• Kontra indikasi untuk dekontaminasi lambung
adalah:
~ Keracunan bahan korosif atau senyawa
hidrokarbon (minyak tanah, dll)
~ Penurunan kesadaran (bila jalan napas tidak
terlindungi).
D0SIS ARANG AKTIF
• Anak sampai umur 1 tahun 1 g/kg
• Anak umur 1 hingga 12 tahun 25-50 g
• Remaja dan dewasa 25-100 g
ANTID0TUM
• SENYAWA 0RGAN0F0SFAT, KARBAMAT
PRALID0KSIM
• PARASETAM0L METIONIN ORAL ATAU
ASETILSISTEIN
• SIANIDA NATRIUM-TIOSULFAT 25%
NE0NATAL JAUNDICE
• DIRECT BILIRUBIN = C0NJUGATED BILIRUBIN
• INDIRECT BILIRUBIN = UNC0NJUGATED
BILIRUBIN
• HYPERBILIRUBINEMIA PREHEPATIC,
HEPATIC, P0STHEPATIC
»Hiperbilirubin indirek
• HARI 1 Inkompatibilitas golongan darah (Rh, ABO), infeksi
intra uterin (TORCH)
• HARI 2 : Inkompatibilitas golongan darah, infeksi,
polisitemia, darah ekstra vasasi (hematom sefal, perdarahan
intra kranial), kelainan morfologi RBC, defisiensi enzim G6PD,
• HARI 4 ATAU 5 : breast feeding jaundice, infeksi
• HARI 7 : breast feeding jaundice, infeksi, neonatal hepatitis,
peningkatan sirkulasi entero hepatik (stenosis pilorik,
obstruksi usus)
»Hiperbilirubinemia direk
• Neonatal hepatitis, sepsis neonatal, infeksi intra uterin,
obstrusi saluran empedu (bile flug syndrome, kista duktus
kholedokus) dan atresia biliaris.
2. General exam
• Cramer’s Index
1.Face-4-6 mg/dl
2.Chest &Upper trunk – 8-10 mg/dl
3.Lower abdomen,thigh-12 -14mg/dl
4.Forearms &lower legs -15 -18 mg/dl
5. Palms & sloes->15-20 mg/dl
Indications for Phototherapy
• TSB > 15 mg % in term
• TSB > 12 mg% in preterm
• TSB > 5 mg% within 24 hours
• Adjuvant to exchange transfusion
Indikasi tranfusi tukar
• Hb tali pusat < 10 gr%, kadar bilirubin tali pusat >
5gr/dl diatas garis grafik.
• Bilirubin total meningkat > 5 gr/dl.
• Atau bila bayi menunjukkan tanda-tanda ensefalopati
bilirubin akut (hipotoni, kaki melengkung, panas, tangis
melengking tinggi)
• Anemia dengan “ early jaundice “ dengan HB 10-13
gr% dan kecepatan peningkatan bilirubin 0.5 mg %/jam
• Atau “mild moderate” anemia dengan bilirubin > umur
bayi (jam) setelah umur 24 jam pertama
• Bilirubin total >25 mg/dl
• Anemia progresif pada waktu pengobatan
hiperbilirubinemia
SY0K ANAFILAKTIK
• Ditandai : Perubahan mendadak pada
- Permeabilitas vaskuler
- Hipereaktiv bronchus
Sendiri-sendiri / gabungan
• Paling sering
pada kulit dan sistem kardiovaskuler
• Pada reaksi yang fatal
oedem laring dan hipotensi berat
• Gejala bervariasi : ringan berat
• Gambaran klinis
- Berhubungan dengan tempat masuk Ag
- Jumlah Ag yang masuk
- Kecepatan absorbsi
- Derajad hipersensitivitas penderita
1. Tindakan segera
a. Hentikan prosedur
b. Penderita tidur terlentang,
kaki naik 30 derajad