HEPATITIS

2nd
group
ETIOLOGY_
HEPATITIS A

THE CAUSE OF HEPATITIS A

Hepatitis A is caused by infection with the hepatitis A virus.
The hepatitis virus is usually spread when a person ingests
tiny amounts of contaminated fecal matter. The hepatitis A
virus infects the liver cells and causes inflammation. The
inflammation can impair liver function and cause other signs
and symptoms of hepatitis A.

Hepatitis A virus can be transmitted several ways, such as:

When someone with the virus handles the food you eat
without first carefully washing his or her hands after using
the toilet
Drinking contaminated water
Eating raw shellfish from water polluted with sewage
Being in close contact with a person who's infected — even
if that person has no signs or symptoms
Having sex with someone who has the virus
HEPATITIS B

THE CAUSE OF HEPATITIS B

Hepatitis B infection is caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV).
The virus is passed from person to person through blood,
semen or other body fluids. When HBV enters your liver, it
invades the liver cells and begins to multiply. This causes
inflammation in the liver and leads to the signs and
symptoms of hepatitis B infection.
HEPATITIS B

Common ways HBV is transmitted include:

Sexual contact. You may become infected if you have
unprotected sexual contact with an infected partner whose
blood, saliva, semen or vaginal secretions enter your body.
Sharing of needles. HBV is easily transmitted through
needles and syringes contaminated with infected blood.
Sharing intravenous (IV) drug paraphernalia puts you at
high risk of hepatitis B.
Accidental needle sticks. Hepatitis B is a concern for health
care workers and anyone else who comes in contact with
human blood.
Mother to child. Pregnant women infected with HBV can
pass the virus to their babies during childbirth.
HEPATITIS C

THE CAUSE OF HEPATITIS C

Hepatitis C infection is caused by the hepatitis C virus (HCV).
HCV is spread when you come in contact with contaminated
blood.
Examples of how HCV can be spread include:
Blood transfusions and organ transplants before 1992.
Improved blood-screening tests became available in 1992.
Before that year, it was possible to unknowingly contract
hepatitis C through a blood transfusion or organ
transplant.
Shared needles. HCV can also spread through sharing
contaminated needles when injecting drugs.
Childbirth. A small number of babies born to mothers with
hepatitis C acquire the infection during childbirth.
Sexual contact. In rare cases, HCV may be transmitted
sexually.
HEPATITIS D

THE CAUSE OF HEPATITIS D

The cause of this condition is an infection with the hepatitis
D virus. This virus is a RNA virus that belongs to the genus
Deltavirus. Once inside the body, the virus enters liver cells,
where it begins to make millions of copies of itself.
HEPATITIS D

However, there is one important difference between

hepatitis D and other types of viral hepatitis:
A person who is infected with the hepatitis D virus must also
have a hepatitis B infection in order for the hepatitis D virus
to multiply. This is not the case with other types of viral
hepatitis. A person must either have chronic hepatitis B or
have been infected with the hepatitis B virus at the same
time as they became infected with the hepatitis D virus.
Otherwise, the hepatitis D virus cannot multiply.
HEPATITIS E

THE CAUSE OF HEPATITIS E

The hepatitis E virus is transmitted mainly through
contaminated drinking water. It is usually a self-limiting
infection and resolves within 4–6 weeks. Occasionally, a
fulminant form of hepatitis develops (acute liver failure),
which can lead to death.
HEPATITIS E

There are at least two strains of HEV, one found in Asia and another in Mexico. The
virus may start dividing in the gastrointestinal tract, but it grows mostly in the liver.

After an incubation period (the time from when a person is first infected by a virus
until the appearance of the earliest symptoms) of two to eight weeks, infected
persons develop fever, may feel nauseous, lose their appetite, and often have
discomfort or actual pain in the right upper part of the abdomen where the liver is
located.

Some develop yellowing of the skin and the whites of the eyes (jaundice). Most often
the illness is mild and disappears within a few weeks with no lasting effects. Children
younger than 14 years and persons over age 50 seldom have jaundice or show other
clinical signs of hepatitis.
HEPATITIS E
HEPATITIS F

THE CAUSE OF HEPATITIS F

Some cases of hepatitis transmitted through contaminated
food or water are attributed to the hepatitis F virus (HFV),
which was first reported in 1994. Another virus isolated in
1996, the hepatitis G virus (HGV), is believed to be
responsible for a large number of sexually transmitted and
bloodborne cases of hepatitis
HEPATITIS G

THE CAUSE OF HEPATITIS G

Some researchers believe that there may be a group of GB
viruses, rather than just one. Others remain doubtful that
HGV actually causes illness. If it does, the type of acute or
chronic (long-lasting) illness that results is not clear. When
diagnosed, acute HGV infection has usually been mild and
brief. There is no evidence of serious complications, but it is
possible that, like other hepatitis viruses, HGV can cause
severe liver damage resulting in liver failure. The virus has
been identified in as many as 20% of patients with long-
lasting viral hepatitis, some of whom also have hepatitis C.
CLINICAL MANIFESTATION _
HEPATITIS G

These characteristics affected person Hepatitis A, B, C:

 Tired easily
 Pain and sick around the muscles
 Headache, Nausea Often
 Weight loss is drastically
 Jaundice / skin and eyes look yellow
 Easy anxiety, depression, and anger
 Love to sleep
 Dark urine (hep.B)
 Upper abdomen enlarged
 Weight loss
 Yellow nails, yellow skin and whites of the eyes turn yellow
 Pain Pain around the heart (hep.B)
 High fever (hep.B)
 leg swelling
 Eyes blurred
 Abdominal pain
 Feces such as cement mortar (hep.B)
DIAGNOSE _
DIAGNOSE

Liver disease or viral hepatitis due to hepatitis B. There are 4 types of viral hepatitis A, B,
non-A, non-B and delta virus. The most dangerous of all types is the virus Hepatitis B.
Hepatitis viruses can be detected by Reagens, ie a substance which shows the Hepatitis
virus.

Serum Reagens to diagnose hepatitis

virus produced in Mataram, West Nusa
Tenggara, and Indonesia should be
proud of themselves because in this
world there are only 4 Laboratory
Reagens. Laboratory is deliberately
constructed in Sindh due to population
average people with hepatitis. The
need for this diagnosis to discover the
existence of viral hepatitis, and the
presence or absence of antibodies in
the body system.
DIAGNOSE

After the discovery of a person's body hepatitis

virus vaccination to strengthen the liver.
hepatitis virus may spread into cancer, cirrhosis
of the liver or liver shrinkage, which can cause
death.
Vaccination is the administration of
substances into the body's antibodies to
inhibit the growth of viral hepatitis.
Children who are born in the patients with
hepatitis B should be vaccinated to be
immune to this virus.
Husband whose wife has hepatitis B should be
vaccinated in order to counteract the
substance antibody hepatitis B virus.

Hepatitis B Vaccination price is expensive, but

for health still does not matter.
TREATMENT _
TREATMENT

For hepatitis A and B the drugs is :

Antiviral tablet
Hepabalac tablet 3 times a day
Multivitamin B complex 3 times a day
Total rest

Worldwide mostly infection from mother baby to infants and reuse of needle
not sterilised. Means protect ourselves against hepatitis b by vaccination or
also with medicinal herbs hepatitis b is jelly gamat luxor and spirulina made of
natural materials choice.

And for Hepatitis C, there is no cure. It can only treating the symptoms like is :
•If the patient got fever, give paracetamol.
•If the patient nause and vomiting, give metoclorperimide 3 times a day.
•Give a nutritional sufficient and take enough rest.
PREVENTION_
PREVENTION HEPATITIS A

Immunization
Immunization is very effective in preventing infectious illness. After immunization the
body will produce antibodies which are antibodies against the disease. Hepatitis A
immunization given to children aged between 2 and 18 years old once. Adults need
immunizations repeated (booster) after 6 to 12 months of the first immunization.
Acquired immunity from immunization may persist for 15 to 20 years. But someone who
has been immunized against hepatitis A can be exposed if he is infected with the
hepatitis A virus between 2 to 4 weeks after immunization, because at that time the
body is not producing antibodies in sufficient quantities.

Those who should receive these immunizations are:

a) Workers ordinary restaurant or food handling
b) Adolescents who lived in a dorm students who had close contact with her friends.
c) Workers and children at daycare
d) Laboratory workers

Type - the type of hepatitis A vaccine:

a) Avaxim Sanofi Pasteur,
b) Epaxal HAVpur ®
c) VIROHEP-A production Crucell
d) GlaxoSmithKline Havrix
e) Vaqta Merck.
PREVENTION HEPATITIS A

Here are five tips to prevent transmission of viral infections hepapatitis presented the
Director General of Disease Control and Environmental Health, Ministry of Health, Prof.
dr. Tjandra Yoga Aditama, Sp.P (K), MARS, DTM & H, DTCE

1. Maintain hygiene by washing hands before cooking and after exiting the toilet,
washing utensils and cutlery, kitchen should be clean, no animals, insects etc.

2. Separate raw and cooked food using kitchenware and cutlery are different and keep it
in a different place.

3. Cook food until cooked. Cook until cooked, especially meat, poultry, eggs, seafood,
soup boiled up to 70 degrees Celsius. For meat and poultry, make sure there is still pink
and reheat food that has been cooked properly.

4. Keep food at safe temperatures. Do not store cooked food at room temperature for
too long, put food in the fridge if you want to keep, before serving, heat to over 60
degrees Celsius, and do not keep it too long in the fridge

5. Use clean water and good food. Choose food that is fresh, clean water, good cooking,
washing fruits and vegetables well, and do not use food that has expired
PREVENTION HEPATITIS B

General Prevention:
1. Avoid sexual contact with patients with hepatitis B, including the body
fluids such as saliva, semen and vaginal fluids.
2. Avoid unsterilized tools, piercing tools, tattoo, injecting drug use and
changing changing partners.
3. Screening pregnant women at baseline and third trimester of pregnancy.
PREVENTION HEPATITIS B

Specified Prevention:

1. active immunization
Aim : to cut transmission of the virus through immunization of newborns and
high-risk group of contracting hepatitis B
Target:
•Newborn (first 12 hours)
•Children and adolescents who have not been immunized
•Individuals who are at risk of contracting HBV profession based work
•hemodialysis patients
•drug abusers

2. passive immunization
target:
a) Infants born to mothers with HBsAg (+) is given Hblg in less than 12 hours
b) Sexual contact with a patient HBsAg (+) is given Hblg in less than 14 days
c) Needle Stick Injury to patients HBsAg (+) is given Hblg in less than 48
hours.
PREVENTION HEPATITIS C

There is no vaccine to prevent HCV. Vaccines for Hepatitis A

and B does not provide immunity to hepatitis C.
Preventive measures for HCV is the same as for hepatitis B.
PREVENTION HEPATITIS D

Prevention of hepatitis D can be done with the hepatitis B

vaccination HBV-HDV co-infection of HBV-HDV super
infection.
PREVENTION HEPATITIS E

Improving sanitation is the most important measure, which

consists of proper treatment and disposal of human waste, higher
standards for public water supplies, improving personal hygiene
and food preparation sanitation procedures.
Thus, disease prevention strategies like many others that plague
developing countries, and they require large-scale international
financing of water supply and water treatment projects.
Vaccine based on recombinant viral proteins have been developed
and recently tested in a population at high risk (emerging military
personnel).
The vaccine appears to be effective and safe, but further studies
are needed to assess the long-term protection and cost
effectiveness of hepatitis E vaccination