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Pengantar statistik

TRIVENI
Apa statistik deskriptif?
 Meringkas dan menyajikan data tanpa
melakukan uji statistik (tes hipotesis)
 Beda dengan statistik inferensi: ada tes
hipotesis untuk menarik kesimpulan
Kegunaan Statistik Diskriptif
pada Naskah Penelitian
Pada Bab IV: Hasil
Penelitian Respondent's Sex

Cumulative
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent
1. Meringkas Data Valid Male
Female
636
881
41.9
58.1
41.9
58.1
41.9
100.0
Total 1517 100.0 100.0

Respondent's Sex
1000

2. Menyajikan data 800

600

400
Frequency

200

0
Male Female

Respondent's Sex
Data Statistik ?
 Adalah keterangan atau ilustrasi mengenai
sesuatu hal
 1. Data Kualitatif = adalah data yang dinyatakan
dalam bentuk bukan angka contoh: jenis
pekerjaan: petani, pedagang, pegawai. Status
pernikahan: belum menikah, menikah, janda/duda.
Skala data: nominal atau ordinal
2. Data Kuantitatif= adalah data yang dinyatakan
dalam bentuk angka. Contoh:suhu, tinggi badan.
Skala data : interval atau ratio
Skala Data
1. Data Bukan angka 2. Data angka
Nominal Ordinal Interval Rasio

Kualitatif Kualitatif Kuantitatif Kuantitatif


Bukan peringkat Peringkat dpt peringkat
peringkat diukur, titik 0 tdk diukur, titik 0
sama sama
Gol drh, seks, Derajat Suhu Tb, bb
agama, nama, penyakit
pekerjaan
Frekuensi, Frekuensi, Operasi matematik Operasi
modus, risiko Modus, matematik
relatif risiko relatif
D es c rip ti ve s

Statistic Std. Error


TB Mean 164.20 1.038
95% Confidence Interval Lower Bound 162.03
for Mean Upper Bound
166.37
5% Trimmed Mean 163.83
Median 164.00
Variance 21.537
Std. Deviation 4.641
Minimum 155
Maximum 180
Range 25
Interquartile Range 2.75
Skewness 1.740 .512
Kurtosis 7.464 .992
Lingkup Statistik Deskriptif
1. Ukuran tingkah laku data:
1.1 ukuran gejala pemusatan (rerata hitung=mean; rerata
gabungan; rerata data yang telah dihitung dalam distribusi
frekuensi; rerata ukur; rerata harmonik), modus
1.2 ukuran letak: median, kuartil, desil, persentil
1.3 Ukuran simpangan = sebaran = variasi data: rentang, rentang
antar kuartil, rerata simpangan, varians, standar deviasi,
koefisien keragaman
2. Penyajian Data: tabulasi, diagram
 Tabulasi : baris kolom; kontingensi, distribusi frekuensi
 Diagram: batang, garis (grafik), lambang/simbul,
pastel/pie/lingkaran, peta/kartogram, pencar/titik
NOMINAL SCALE
PROPERTIES
UNIQUELY CLASSIFIES
 Male/Female
 Academic/Admin
 Asian/European
 Strategy types
 Adopters/Non Adopters
 zip codes: 97403 vs. 39759 (these are numbers, but they
still only indicate categorical information)
Levels of Measurement
Classification
Nominal

Ordinal

Interval

Ratio
Ordinal Scales
 Characteristics of nominal scale
plus an indication of order
 Implies statement of greater than
and less than
 No information about the distance
between categories on the scale of
interest, only the order of the
categories is specified
 Mathematical operations (like
division, or addition) are not
appropriate across interval
categories.
ORDINAL SCALE PROPERTIES

UNIQUELY CLASSIFIES
PRESERVES ORDER
 Low-moderate self-esteem
 Podium/Grid positions
 Class Ranking
Levels of Measurement
Classification
Nominal

Classification
Ordinal
Order

Interval

Ratio
Interval Scales
 Characteristics of nominal and
ordinal scales plus the concept of
equality of interval.
 Equal distance exists between
numbers
 Interval scales allow the
calculation of absolute distance
between items, as well as the
calculation of average values.
 Interval scales do not allow
conclusions about the ratio of one
value and another. (e.g. 30°
Fahrenheit is NOT three times as
warm as 10° Fahrenheit)
INTERVAL SCALE
PROPERTIES
UNIQUELY CLASSIFIES
PRESERVES ORDER
EQUAL INTERVALS
 Fahrenheit Temperature
 The distance between 70° and 60° is the same as the
distance between 30° and 40°
 BUT 800 is not twice as hot as 400
Levels of Measurement
Classification
Nominal

Classification
Ordinal
Order
Classification Distance
interval
Order

Ratio
Ratio Scales
 Characteristics of previous scales plus an
absolute zero point

 The existence of an absolute zero point allows


calculations of ratios between different values.
 For instance, 6 feet is definitely twice as long
as 3 feet.
 300 milliseconds is twice as slow as 150
milliseconds.
 Each of these measure has a zero point that
corresponds to the absence of the measured
item.
RATIO SCALE PROPERTIES
UNIQUELY CLASSIFIES
PRESERVES ORDER
EQUAL INTERVALS
NATURAL ZERO
 Weight and distance
 Age, years of service
 Number of cars
Levels of Measurement
Classification
Nominal

Classification
Ordinal
Order
Classification Distance
Interval
Order
Classification Distance
Ratio
Order Natural Origin
Statistik Inferensial

Generalisasi nilai dari sampel


ke populasi

Bentuk:
Estimasi
Uji hipotesis

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