Chapter 1

Introduction
• Fundamental physical concepts
• Heating
• Cooling
• Humidification
• Dehumidification

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Heating or cooling

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Humidification

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Air-conditioning controlling

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Components of Central AC systems:
• Fans or air handlers for moving air with associated
dampers and filters

• Pumps for moving heated or chilled water and

appropriate control valves

• Heat exchangers for transferring energy from one

fluid stream to another

• Flow measuring and control devices

• Chillers and furnace or boiler equipment

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Central air-conditioning systems

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Cooling towers

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Boilers

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• All air –system
• Single zone (constant volume)
• Reheat systems
• Multi-zone (VAV)
• Dual-duct systems
• Air-water system
• All water system

Single zone (constant volume)

• Simplest
• Uniform temperature applications
• Control of cooling and heating coil by thermostat valve in the zone

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Single zone reheat systems (constant volume)
• Reheat coil to accommodate for unequal load in certain areas
• Exergy loss
• For dehumidification
• Latent load balance by ventilation

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VAV systems
• Dampers to control air flow in each zone
• Low cost than individual systems (single run of ducts)
• Reduction in load leads to reduction in air flow and operating cost ( max upto 50%)
• More suited in cooling as in winters, the low load areas will experience reduced air flow and more
condensate issues.
• Reduction in fan power

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Dual-duct
• High operating cost
• More variation in the zone requirement can be addresses

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multizone with central unit
• less operating cost
• Limited zones can be accommodated

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Factors in selection of the AC systems
• Load variation
• Air speed
• Individual latent and sensible loads
• Ventilation requirements
• Seasonal operations

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Air-water systems
• Less quantity of air circulation required
• Suitable for high rise buildings
• Low operating cost

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All-water systems
• Individual zone requirement
• IAQ concern on
• Filtering requirements
• Complete outdoor air circulation
decreases filter life
• IAQ on exhaust gas filtering

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Heat pump systems
• Heat sink at high temperature

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Heat Recovery systems
• Heat sink at high temperature

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