To Study ADSL

Final Presentation
Submitted to:
Mr Khaver
Prepared by:
Haris Umair 16D2-109028
Farhan Ahmad 16D2-109014
Waqas Akram 16D2-109011
 Contents
• History and Review of ADSL and Technologies
• The CAP System

• The TDM System

• Filtering the Signal
• Typical ADSL Line Configuration
• Factors Affecting Performance of ADSL
History and Review of ADSL and
other Technologies

The initial technology named intranets was developed in 80s

and used among troops for communication .Then it was
developed into internet which enabled the communication of
data between offices and organizations. This required a digital
telephone exchange and a dial up modem over a telephone
line.The data transfer rate for this technology was 9Kbps to
56Kbps.
Later ISDN technology was developed .It also utilized the
existing phone line and an ISDN MODEM .The data transfer
rate was further enhanced to 128 Kbps.
 The CAP System

CAP operates by dividing the signals on the telephoneline into three distinct bands:
Voice conversations are carried in the 0 to 4 KHz (kilohertz) band, as they are in all
POTS circuits. The upstream channel (from the user back to the server) is carried in a
band between 25 and 160 KHz. The downstream channel (from the server to the user)
begins at 240 KHz and goes up to a point that varies depending on a number of
conditions (line length, line noise, number of users in a particular telephone company
switch) but has a maximum of about 1.5 MHz (megahertz). This system, with the three
channels widely separated, minimizes the possibility of interference between the
channels on one line, or between the signals on different lines.
 The DTM System

One way to think about it is to imagine that the phone company divides your copper line into 247
different 4-KHz lines and then attaches a modem to each one. You get the equivalent of 247 modems
connected to your computer at once. Each channel is monitored and, if the quality is too impaired,
the signal is shifted to another channel. This system constantly shifts signals between different
channels, searching for the best channels for transmission and reception. In addition, some of the
lower channels (those starting at about 8 KHz), are used as bidirectional channels, for upstream and
downstream information. Monitoring and sorting out the information on the bidirectional channels,
and keeping up with the quality of all 247 channels, makes DMT more complex to implement than
CAP, but gives it more flexibility on lines of differing quality.
DMT also divides signals into separate channels, but doesn't use two fairly broad channels for
upstream and downstream data. Instead, DMT divides the data into 247 separate channels, each 4
KHz wide.
 FILTERING THE SIGNAL

If you have ADSL installed, you were almost certainly given small filters to attach to the
outlets that don't provide the signal to your ADSL modem. These filters are low-pass
filters -- simple filters that block all signals above a certain frequency. Since all voice
conversations take place below 4 KHz, the low-pass (LP) filters are built to block
everything above 4 KHz, preventing the data signals from interfering with standard
telephone calls.  
When ADSL is operated on a 2-wire analogue telephone (standard telephone) or ISDN
line (e.g. BRI or ISDN2), the telephone service operates normally in the ‘baseband’ of
the connection. The high speed data connection provided by ADSL uses only the high
frequency signal transmission capabilities of the connection. To keep the the
telephone/ISDN and ADSL services apart, high frequency filters or splitters are used at
both ends of the user’s connection. At the customer’s premises, the splitting device is
called simply a DSL splitter or DSL filter. This may take a number of different forms,
but is generally a small device.
Typical ADSL line configuration
 The fact that an ADSL service typically shares the telephone line
with an analogue telephone (standard telephone) or ISDN telephone
line connection makes for better overall economics in cases where the
ADSL customer also requires a telephone line. Indeed, most ADSL
service providers offer relatively cheap ADSL line subscription tariffs
because they assume that a telephone service will be provided over the
same line to the same customer. Indeed: it is usually a commercial pre-
condition of ADSL service, that the customer also subscribes to a
telephone or ISDN line service as well: even if this telephone or ISDN
service is provided by a different service provider. The maximum
bitrate of a standard ADSL line is 8 Mbit/s Implementation of digital
subscriber line technology originally took place as part of the ISDN
later reused as ISDL.
Engineers have developed higher-speed DSL connections like
ADSL and SDSL to extend the range of DSL services on copper lines.
With data transfer rate of 512Kbps to 8Mbps.This allowed a single
pair to carry data (via a digital subscriber line access multiplexer
[DSLAM]) and analog voice (via a circuit switched telephone switch)
at the same time .
Now in 2009 ADSL2+ is introduced which allows data transfer rate
of 28 Mbps.
 Factors affecting the performance of ADSL
    The length of your telephone line
 
    Signal loss
 
    The noise level

    Line capacitance

    The cable gauge

 Line performance problems

 
    Overloaded

    Limited streaming

   Limited upstream