ADP ATP and Cellular Respiration

ADP, ATP AND
CELLULAR
RESPIRATION
Copyright Cmassengale
What Is ATP?
Energy used by all Cells
Adenosine Triphosphate
Organic molecule containing high-

energy Phosphate bonds
Chemical Structure of ATP
Adenine Base
3 Phosphates Ribose Sugar

What Does ATP Do for You?
It supplies YOU with ENERGY!
How Do We Get Energy From ATP?
By breaking the
high- energy
bonds between
the last two
phosphates in
ATP
What is the Process Called?
HYDROLYSIS (Adding H2O)
H 2O
How Does That Happen?
An Enzyme!
How is ATP Re-Made?
The reverse of the previous process

occurs.
Another Enzyme is
used!
ATP Synthetase
Adenosine triphosphate
+
P
ribose
-
adenine
Adenosine diphosphate
+
P
ribose
-
adenine
The ADP-ATP Cycle
ATP
ATP-ase Synthetase
+ +
Releasing
energy
Storing
energy
- -
P
Releasing
P P
energy
P Storing P
energy
ribose ribose
adenine adenine
ATP-ADP Cycle
• ATP – ADP Cycle
phosphate removed
Transformation of Energy
• Energy is the ability to do work.
• Thermodynamics is the study of the flow and transformation of

energy in the universe.
Laws of Thermodynamics
– First law - Energy can be converted from one form to

another, but it cannot be created nor destroyed.
– Second law - Energy cannot be converted without

the loss of usable energy.
HE
AT
• Carbohydrates
• most commonly broken down to make ATP.

• not stored in large amounts
• up to 36 ATP from one glucose molecule
• Lipids
– store the most energy.
– 80% of energy in your body
– About 146 ATP from a triglyceride
• Proteins
– least likely to be broken down to make ATP.
– amino acids not usually needed for energy
– about the same amount of energy as a carb.
ATP-ADP Cycle
When is ATP Made in the Body?
During a Process
called Cellular
Respiration that
takes place in
both Plants &
Animals
What is Cellular Respiration?
•The process in which organisms take

molecules broken down from food
and release the chemical energy
stored in the chemical bonds of those
molecules.
•It’s important to remember that food
is not the direct source of energy.
Cellular Respiration
•The energy that is released

from chemical bonds during
cellular respiration is stored in
molecules of ATP.
Cellular Respiration
• Includes pathways that require
oxygen
• Glucose is oxidized and O2 is reduced
• Glucose breakdown is therefore an
oxidation-reduction reaction
• Breakdown of one glucose results in
36 to 38 ATP molecules
What types of organisms undergo
cellular respiration?
• While only autotrophs undergo photosynthesis both
Heterotrophs
AND
Autotrophs
Undergo cellular respiration.
What types of molecules are
broken down?
•Any food (organic)
molecule, or nutrient,
including carbohydrates,
fats/lipids, and proteins
can be processed and
broken down as a source
of energy to produce ATP.
Overall Equation for Cellular
Respiration
C6H12O6 + 6O2
YIELDS
6CO2 + 6H20 + e- + 36-38ATP’s

What Type of Process is Cellular
Respiration?
•An Oxidation-Reduction Process or

REDOX Reaction
•Oxidation of GLUCOSE --> CO2 + H2O
(e- removed from C6H12O6)
•Reduction O2 to H2O (e- passed to O2)
What Carries the Electrons?
• NAD+ (nicotinadenine
dinucleotide) acts
as the energy
carrier
• NAD+ is a coenzyme
• It’s Reduced to
NADH when it picks
up two electrons
and one hydrogen
ion
Are There Any Other Electron Carriers?
•YES! Another
Coenzyme!
• FAD+ (Flavin
adenine
dinucleotide)
•Reduced to
FADH2
Biochemical Pathway
•Cellular Respiration is a biochemical

pathway just like photosynthesis in
which each step (chemical reaction)
of the process is dependent on the
products of the previous step.
•The cellular respiration equation
represents many steps that have
taken place.
•Overall, cellular respiration is a
process that is aerobic. Aerobic
means that it requires the
presence of oxygen.
•Some steps within the process of
cellular respiration do not require
the presence of oxygen and are
therefore anaerobic.
Other Cellular Respiration Facts
•Metabolic Pathway that breaks down

carbohydrates
•Process is Exergonic as High-energy
Glucose is broken into CO2 and H2O
•Process is also Catabolic because
larger Glucose breaks into smaller
molecules
Where does cellular respiration
occur?
•Cellular respiration takes place in
the mitochondria of the
eukaryotic cell.
•Recall that the mitochondria is
considered to be the
“powerhouse” of the cell because
it produces the majority of a cell’s
ATP.
Label the Parts of the
Mitochondria • Many similarities exist
between the chloroplast
and the mitochondria
• Mitochondria has a
double membrane
• Mitochondria have their
own DNA and only come
from preexisting
mitochondria.
Review of Mitochondria Structure
• Smooth outer Membrane
• Folded inner membrane
• Folds called Cristae
• Space inside cristae called the
Matrix
Where Does Cellular Respiration Take
Place?
•It actually takes

place in two
parts of the cell:
Glycolysis occurs
in the Cytoplasm
Krebs Cycle &
ETC Take place in
the Mitochondria Copyright Cmassengale
What are the Stages of Cellular
Respiration?
•Glycolysis
•The Krebs Cycle
•The Electron Transport Chain
Diagram of the Process
Occurs
across
Cristae
Occurs in
Cytoplasm
Occurs in
Matrix
Glycolysis
•Glycolysis is an anaerobic step in

the cellular respiration pathway
therefore it doesn’t require
oxygen.
•Glycolysis takes place in the
cytoplasm of the cell and is a
series of reaction using enzymes.
Glycolysis
•Glycolysis is the splitting of a

molecule of glucose.
•The products of glycolysis are
broken down in the mitochondria
to make more ATP
What are the products of
glycolysis?
•When a molecule of glucose is
split, pyruvic acid, NADH, and
ATP are produced.
•Glycolysis makes 4 molecules of
ATP but it takes 2 molecules of
ATP for the reaction to occur.
Therefore Glycolysis yields a net
of 2 ATP molecules.
What moves on to the next Stage?
•Pyruvic acid is the main goal of
glycolysis and these molecules will
move on to the Krebs Cycle.
•Pyruvic Acid Krebs Cycle
•NADH ETC
•ATP Usable Energy
After Glycolysis What Happens?
Glycolysis
If O2 is not If O2 is
present present
Fermentation Krebs Cycle

Aerobic
Respiration
Glycolysis
Glycolysis:
Step 1
Glucose 2 Pyruvic acid
To the electron
transport chain
Glycolysis
Section 9-1
To the electron
transport chain
Glycolysis
Section 9-1
To the electron
transport chain
•Where Cytoplasm
•NO O2 required
•Energy Yield net gain of 2 ATP at
the expense of 2 ATP
•6-C glucose  TWO 3-C pyruvates
•Free e- and H+ combine with
organic ion carriers called NAD+ 
NADH + H+
(nicotinamide dinucleotide)
October 29, 2018
Summary
•In •Out
Glucose (6-C) 2 pyruvate;
2 ATP 2(3-C)
2NADH
a net of 2 ATP
October 29, 2018

Glycolysis
Splits a glucose
molecule into
2 - 3 Carbon
molecules called
PYRUVATE.
products: 2 ATP, NADH and pyruvate

Glycolysis Summary
Takes place in the Cytoplasm
Anaerobic (Doesn’t Use Oxygen)
Requires input of 2 ATP
Glucose split into two molecules of

Pyruvate or Pyruvic Acid
Glycolysis Summary
•Also produces 2 NADH and 4 ATP

•Pyruvate is oxidized to Acetyl CoA and
CO2 is removed
Questions
•Where does glycolysis take

place?
•Glycolysis energy yield?
•Breaks glucose into TWO
________.
October 29, 2018

Flowchart
Section 9-2
Cellular
Respiration Carbon
Dioxide
Glucose
(CO2)
(C6H1206) Electron
Krebs +
+ Glycolysis Transport
Cycle Water
Oxygen Chain
(H2O)
(02)
+
ATP
Glycolysis
Diagram
THE AEROBIC
PATHWAY
Pre-Krebs Cycle
(Acetyl- CoA)
•Before pyruvic acid enters the Krebs
Cycle, it combines with an enzyme called
Coenzyme A (CoA).
•This reaction produces a molecule of
Acetyl CoA.
•Acetyl CoA is a molecule produced by
almost all nutrients (carb., protein, lipids)
before entering the Krebs cycle.
A Little Krebs Cycle History
• Discovered by Hans
Krebs in 1937
• He received the Nobel

Prize in physiology or
medicine in 1953 for
his discovery.
Pathway to the Krebs Cycle
(citric acid cycle)
Glycolysis
Pyruvic Acid
Acetyl CoA
Krebs Cycle
Krebs Cycle
• Cyclical series of oxidation reactions that give
off CO2 and produce one ATP per cycle
• Requires Oxygen (Aerobic)
• Turns twice per glucose molecule (produces 1
ATP per turn).
• Produces two ATP
• Takes place in matrix of mitochondria
Krebs Cycle
•Acetyl CoA (formed from Pyruvic

Acid) combines with a four-
carbon molecule to make a
molecule of citric acid.
•Citric acid is broken down in
several steps providing the
energy to make NADH, FADH2, ,
ATP.
Breakdown of Pyruvic Acid
• Where
mitochondria
• Pyruvate (3-C) 
Acetic acid (2-C)
• 3rd C forms CO2
• Acetic acid combines
with Coenzyme A to
form ACETYL-CoA
October 29, 2018

Formation of Acetyl CoA
1. Junction between glycolysis and Krebs cycle
2. Oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA
3. Pyruvate molecules are translocated from the cytosol into

the mitochondrion by a carrier protein in the mitochondrial
membrane.
4. A CO2 is removed from pyruvate – making a 2C

compound.
5. Coenzyme A is attached to the acetyl group.

Formation of Acetyl CoA
Second Step: Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs
Cycle)
• Where Mitochondrial matrix
• Energy Yield 2 ATP and more e-
• Acetyl-CoA (2-C) combines with 4-C to form 6-C
CITRIC ACID
• Citric Acid (6-C) changed to 5-C then to a 4-C
• Gives off a CO2 molecule
• NAD+ and FAD pick up the released e-
• FAD becomes FADH2
• NAD+ becomes NADH + H+
• Cycle ALWAYS reforming a 4-C molecule
October 29, 2018
Krebs Cycle
October 29, 2018

Krebs Cycle
3. Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)
1 Acetyl CoA (2C)
OAA (4C) Citrate (6C)
Krebs 2 CO2
Cycle
FADH2 (one turn) 3 NAD+
FAD
3 NADH
copyright cmassengale 64
ATP ADP + P
2 Acetyl CoA (2C)
Citrate (6C)
OAA (4C)
Krebs 4 CO2
Cycle
2 FADH2 (two turns) 6 NAD+
2 FAD
6 NADH
2 ATP 2 ADP + P
•Total net yield (2 turns of krebs cycle)
1. 2 - ATP (substrate-level phosphorylation)

2. 6 - NADH
3. 2 - FADH2
4. 4 - CO2
Krebs Cycle Reactant Summary
•Pyruvic Acid
•ADP
•NAD+
•FAD+
Krebs Cycle Product Summary
•2 ATP Usable energy

•NADH Goes to ETC
•FADH2 Goes to ETC
•CO2 Byproduct
Krebs Cycle Summary
•Requires Oxygen (Aerobic)
•Cyclical series of oxidation reactions
that give off CO2 and produce one ATP
per cycle
•Turns twice per glucose molecule
•Produces two ATP
•Takes place in matrix of mitochondria
Krebs Cycle Summary
•Each turn of the Krebs Cycle also
produces 3NADH, 1FADH2, and
2CO2
•Therefore, For each Glucose
molecule, the Krebs Cycle produces
6NADH, 2FADH2, 4CO2, and 2ATP
Krebs Cycle
ATP
NETS: 3NADH, 1ATP, 1FADH , & 2CO
Electron Transport Chain
Section 9-2
Electron Transport
Hydrogen Ion Movement
Channel Mitochondrion
Intermembrane
Space
ATP synthase
Inner
Membrane
Matrix
ATP Production
ETC
•Oxygen is used as the final

electron acceptor at the end of
the ETC.
•Oxygen receives electrons and
H+(hydrogen ions) and produces
a molecule of water.
ETC
•Where inner membrane of

mitochondria
•Energy Yield Total of 32 ATP
•O2 combines with TWO H+ to
form H2O
•Exhale - CO2, H2O comes from
cellular respiration
October 29, 2018
There is a better way!
•Electron Transport Chain
•series of proteins built into
inner mitochondrial membrane
•along cristae
•transport proteins & enzymes
•transport of electrons down ETC linked to
pumping of H+ to create H+ gradient
•yields ~36 ATP from 1 glucose!
•only in presence of O2 (aerobic respiration)
That
sounds more O2
like it!
Mitochondria
• Double membrane
• outer membrane
• inner membrane
• highly folded cristae
• enzymes & transport proteins
• intermembrane space
• fluid-filled space between membranes
Oooooh!
Form fits
function!
Inner
mitochondrial
Intermembrane space membrane
C
Q
NADH cytochrome cytochrome c

dehydrogenase bc complex oxidase complex
Mitochondrial matrix
Remember the Electron Carriers?
glucose Krebs cycle
Glycolysis
G3P
2 NADH 8 NADH
2 FADH2
Time to
break open
the piggybank!
NADH  NAD+ + H Building proton gradient!
e intermembrane
space
p
H+ H+ H+
inner
mitochondrial
H  e- + H+ C membrane
Q e–
e– H e–
FADH2
FAD
NADH H 2H+ + 1
O2 H 2O
NAD+ 2
dehydrogenase bc complex oxidase complex
mitochondrial
matrix
What powers the proton (H+) pumps?…

But what “pulls” the
electrons down the ETC?
H2O
O2
electrons
flow downhill
to O2 oxidative phosphorylation
•
Electrons flow downhill
Electrons move in steps from
carrier to carrier downhill to oxygen
• each carrier more electronegative
• controlled oxidation
• controlled release of energy
make ATP
instead of
fire!
“proton-motive” force
We did it! H+
H+ H+ H+
• Set up a H+ gradient
H+ H+
• Allow the protons H+ H+
to flow through ATP synthase
• Synthesizes ATP
ADP + Pi  ATP
ADP + Pi
Are we
ATP
there yet? H+
Chemiosmosis
• The diffusion of ions across a membrane
• build up of proton gradient just so H+ could flow through ATP
synthase enzyme to build ATP
Chemiosmosis
links the Electron
Transport Chain
to ATP synthesis
So that’s
the point!
Pyruvate from Intermembrane
Inner H+
cytoplasm + space
mitochondrial H
membrane
Electron
transport
C system
Q
NADH e- 2. Electrons H+
provide energy
1. Electrons are harvested to pump
Acetyl-CoA and carried to the e-
transport system. protons across
the membrane.
NADH e-
H2O
Krebs e- 3. Oxygen joins 1 O
FADH2 with protons to
cycle 2 +2 O2
form water.
2H+
CO2 H+
ATP H+
ATP
ATP
4. Protons diffuse back in
down their concentration ATP
Mitochondrial gradient, driving the synthase
matrix synthesis of ATP.
4. Electron Transport Chain (ETC) and
Oxidative Phosphorylation (Chemiosmosis)
• Location: inner mitochondrial membrane.
• Uses ETC (cytochrome proteins) and ATP Synthase

(enzyme) to make ATP.
• ETC pumps H+ (protons) across innermembrane

(lowers pH in innermembrane space).
Inner
Mitochondrial
Membrane
4. Electron Transport Chain (ETC) and
Oxidative Phosphorylation (Chemiosmosis)
• The H+ then move via diffusion (Proton Motive

Force) through ATP Synthase to make ATP.
• All NADH and FADH2 converted to ATP during this

stage of cellular respiration.
• Each NADH converts to 3 ATP.
• Each FADH2 converts to 2 ATP (enters the ETC at a

lower level than NADH).
4. ETC and Oxidative Phosphorylation
(Chemiosmosis for NADH)
Intermembrane Space higher H+

concentration
1H+ 2H+ 3H+ H+ ATP
Synthas
e
Inner
Mitochondrial
E T C Membrane
O2 H O
2H+ + 1/2 ADP + P
ATP
NADH NAD+ 2 H+
+ H+
(Proton Pumping) lower H+

concentration
Matrix copyright cmassengale 87
4. ETC and Oxidative Phosphorylation
(Chemiosmosis for FADH2)
Intermembrane Space higher H+
concentration
1H+ 2H+ H+ ATP
Synthas
e
Inner
Mitochondrial
E T C Membrane
2H+ + ADP + P
FADH2 FAD+ H2O H+ ATP
+ H+ 1/2O2
(Proton Pumping)
lower H+
concentration
Matrix copyright cmassengale 88
TOTAL ATP YIELD
1. 04 ATP - substrate-level phosphorylation
2. 34 ATP - ETC & oxidative phosphorylation
38 ATP - TOTAL YIELD
ATP
Eukaryotes
(Have Membranes)
• Total ATP Yield

02 ATP - glycolysis (substrate-level phosphorylation)
04 ATP - converted from 2 NADH - glycolysis
06 ATP - converted from 2 NADH - grooming phase
02 ATP - Krebs cycle (substrate-level phosphorylation)
18 ATP - converted from 6 NADH - Krebs cycle
04 ATP - converted from 2 FADH2 - Krebs cycle
36 ATP - TOTAL
Maximum ATPYield for Cellular
Respiration (Eukaryotes)
Glucose
Cytosol
Mitochondria
Glycolysis 2 Acetyl CoA Krebs
Cycle
2 Pyruvate
2NADH 2 ATP
6NADH 2FADH2 (substrate-level
phosphorylation)
2NADH
ETC and Oxidative
Phosphorylation
2 ATP
(substrate-level
phosphorylation) 2ATP 4ATP 6ATP 18ATP 4ATP 2ATP
36 ATP (maximum per glucose)
Prokaryotes
(Lack Membranes)
• Total ATP Yield

02 ATP - glycolysis (substrate-level phosphorylation)
06 ATP - converted from 2 NADH - glycolysis
06 ATP - converted from 2 NADH - grooming phase
02 ATP - Krebs cycle (substrate-level phosphorylation)
18 ATP - converted from 6 NADH - Krebs cycle
04 ATP - converted from 2 FADH2 - Krebs cycle
38 ATP - TOTAL
1. Located in the inner membrane of the
mitochondria.
2. Oxygen pulls the electrons from NADH and

FADH2 down the electron transport chain to a
lower energy state
.
3. Process produces 34 ATP or 90% of the ATP in
the body.
4. Requires oxygen, the final electron acceptor.
5. For every FADH2 molecule – 2 ATP’s are produced.
6. For every NADH molecule – 3 ATP’s are produced.
7. Chemiosmosis – the production of ATP using the energy of

H+ gradients across membranes to phosphorylate ADP.
ATP Synthase
• A protein in the inner membrane in the mitochondria.
• Uses energy of the ion gradient to power ATP synthesis.
• Forevery H+ ion that flows through ATP synthase, one ATP

can be formed from ADP
Stripping H from Electron Carriers
• Electron carriers pass electrons & H+ to ETC
• H cleaved off NADH & FADH2
• electrons stripped from H atoms  H+ (protons)
• electrons passed from one electron carrier to next in mitochondrial
membrane (ETC)
• flowing electrons = energy to do work
• transport proteins in membrane pump H+ (protons) across inner
membrane to intermembrane space
H+ +
+ + + H+ H+ H
TA-DA!! H
H+ H
H+ H
H+ H+ +
H+ H H+
Moving electrons
do the work! C
Q e–
e–
e– FADH2
FAD ADP
1
NADH 2H+ + 2 O2 H2O + Pi
NAD+
dehydrogenase bc complex oxidase complex ATP
H+
ETC Product Summary
• 34 ATP Usable energy
• H2O Byproduct
The Electron Transport Chain
• The ETC is a series of proteins located in the
mitochondrial membrane.
• It uses high energy electrons from the NADH
and FADH2 provided by the Krebs Cycle to
move H+(protons) across the concentration
gradient.
• These protons pass back down the
concentration gradient through ATP synthase to
form ATP. Very much like the ETC in the light
reactions of photosynthesis.
Summary
• 34 ATP Produced
• H2O Produced
• Occurs Across Inner Mitochondrial membrane
• Uses coenzymes NAD+ and FAD+ to accept e- from glucose
• NADH = 3 ATP’s
• FADH2 = 2 ATP’s
Total ENERGY Yield
• Glycolysis 2 ATP
• Krebs Cycle 2 ATP
• ETC  32 ATP
• Total 36 ATP
October 29, 2018

What happens if NO O2?
• Cellular respiration process STOPS
October 29, 2018

Aerobic vs. Anaerobic
•Aerobic requires
•Anaerobic DOES oxygen
NOT require • Yields large amounts of
oxygen energy
• Simple • What is this energy
• fast molecule?
• produces smaller • ATP, ATP, ATP
amounts of energy
(ATP)
October 29, 2018

Fermentation
 Occurs when O2 NOT present
(anaerobic)
Called Lactic Acid fermentation in
muscle cells (makes muscles tired)
Called Alcoholic fermentation in
yeast (produces ethanol)
Nets only 2 ATP
October 29, 2018
Releasing Energy w/out Oxygen
• Anaerobic Respiration
• NO Additional ATP is Formed
• NO O2 leads to Fermentation
• Two Types
• Lactic Acid Fermentation
• Alcoholic Fermentation
October 29, 2018

Lactic Acid Fermentation
• bacteria, plants and most animals
• After glycolysis
• 2 pyruvic acid changed to lactic acid
• Sometimes happens in your muscles, cramps-----Exercise
October 29, 2018

October 29, 2018
Alcoholic Fermentation
• Bacteria and fungi (yeast)
• Ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide are the end products
• Process used to form beer, wine, and other alcoholic beverages

• Also used to raise dough, bread
October 29, 2018

October 29, 2018
WHAT HAPPENS TO THE
PRODUCTS OF GLYCOLYSIS
WHEN O2 ISN’T PRESENT?
Fermentation
• Breathing provides enough oxygen
for your body to carry out normal
activities.
• When you are conducting a high
level of activity, breathing doesn’t
supply enough air for your cell’s
activities.
• If oxygen is not present, the products of glycolysis (pyruvic acid and
NADH) will enter an alternative process called fermentation.
• Fermentation provides enough ATP and recycles NADH into NAD+
so that glycolysis may continue until more oxygen becomes
available.
Where does fermentation occur?
• Cytosol of the cell
Two Types of Fermentation
• Lactic Acid
• Alcoholic
•Occurs in muscle cells in the

body.
•Lactic acid is a waste product of
fermentation that will build up
and cause your muscles to “burn”
during hard exercise.
• Lactic acid
fermentation also
occurs in some
bacteria and molds.
• Waste products of
the fermentation
process give cheese
different flavors.
• Yogurt is another
product of lactic acid
fermentation.
•Alcoholic fermentation is a
process used by many yeasts and
plants.
•Also uses the products of
glycolysis (NADH and pyruvic
acid) to provide enough NAD+
and ATP for glycolysis to
continue.
•Alcoholic
fermentation is
used to make
bread or dough
rise and is also
used for beer
and wine.
Fermentation
• Bacteria that rely upon fermentation play a very important role in
digestive systems of animals.
• They breakdown molecules by taking undigested material for their
needs.
• Without these bacteria we’d be unable to fully digest food.
Questions
1. What is the real benefit of fermentation?
2. What is the cellular respiration equation?
3. What factor determines the pathway that pyruvic
acid takes after leaving glycolysis?
4. What is the importance of cellular respiration to
us?
5. Explain how cellular respiration complements
photosynthesis.
6. What is the ultimate end product of cellular
respiration?
Fermentation
• Occurs in cytosol when “NO Oxygen” is present
(called anaerobic).
• Remember: glycolysis is part of fermentation.
• Two Types:
1. Alcohol Fermentation
2. Lactic Acid Fermentation

Alcohol Fermentation
• Plants and Fungi  beer and wine
2ADP
2ATP
C +2 P
2NADH 2 NAD+
C
C
C C
Glycolysis C
C C
C
C 2 Pyruvic 2 Ethanol
2CO2
C 2 NAD+ 2NADH acid
released
glucose

Alcohol Fermentation
• End Products: Alcohol fermentation
2 - ATP (substrate-level phosphorylation)
2 - CO2
2 - Ethanol’s

• Animals (pain in muscle after a workout).
2ADP
C +2 P
2ATP
C 2NADH 2 NAD+
C C C
C Glycolysis C C
C C C
C 2 NAD+ 2NADH
2 Pyruvic 2 Lactic
acid acid
Glucose

• End Products: Lactic acid fermentation
2 - ATP (substrate-level phosphorylation)
2 - Lactic Acids

2. Grooming Phase
• Occurs when Oxygen is present (aerobic).
• 2 Pyruvate (3C) molecules are transported through the

mitochondria membrane to the matrix and is converted
to 2 Acetyl CoA (2C) molecules.
Cytosol 2 CO2
C
C Matrix
C
2 Pyruvate C-C
NAD+ cmassengale 2NADH
2copyright 2 Acetyl
127 CoA
2. Grooming Phase
• End Products: grooming phase
2 - NADH
2 - CO2
2- Acetyl CoA (2C)

ADP ATP and Cellular Respiration

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ADP ATP and Cellular Respiration

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ADP, ATP AND

Organic molecule containing high-

3 Phosphates Ribose Sugar

It supplies YOU with ENERGY!

The reverse of the previous process

• Thermodynamics is the study of the flow and transformation of

– First law - Energy can be converted from one form to

– Second law - Energy cannot be converted without

• most commonly broken down to make ATP.

•The process in which organisms take

•The energy that is released

6CO2 + 6H20 + e- + 36-38ATP’s

•An Oxidation-Reduction Process or

•Cellular Respiration is a biochemical

•Metabolic Pathway that breaks down

•It actually takes

•Glycolysis is an anaerobic step in

•Glycolysis is the splitting of a

Fermentation Krebs Cycle

Glucose 2 Pyruvic acid

Glucose 2 Pyruvic acid

Glucose 2 Pyruvic acid

October 29, 2018

products: 2 ATP, NADH and pyruvate

Anaerobic (Doesn’t Use Oxygen)

Requires input of 2 ATP

Glucose split into two molecules of

•Also produces 2 NADH and 4 ATP

•Where does glycolysis take

October 29, 2018

• He received the Nobel

•Acetyl CoA (formed from Pyruvic

October 29, 2018

2. Oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA

3. Pyruvate molecules are translocated from the cytosol into

4. A CO2 is removed from pyruvate – making a 2C

5. Coenzyme A is attached to the acetyl group.

October 29, 2018

OAA (4C) Citrate (6C)

•Total net yield (2 turns of krebs cycle)

1. 2 - ATP (substrate-level phosphorylation)

•2 ATP Usable energy

•Oxygen is used as the final

•Where inner membrane of

NADH cytochrome cytochrome c

What powers the proton (H+) pumps?…

• Location: inner mitochondrial membrane.

• Uses ETC (cytochrome proteins) and ATP Synthase

• ETC pumps H+ (protons) across innermembrane

• The H+ then move via diffusion (Proton Motive

• All NADH and FADH2 converted to ATP during this

• Each NADH converts to 3 ATP.

• Each FADH2 converts to 2 ATP (enters the ETC at a

Intermembrane Space higher H+

(Proton Pumping) lower H+

• Total ATP Yield

• Total ATP Yield

2. Oxygen pulls the electrons from NADH and

5. For every FADH2 molecule – 2 ATP’s are produced.

6. For every NADH molecule – 3 ATP’s are produced.

7. Chemiosmosis – the production of ATP using the energy of

• Uses energy of the ion gradient to power ATP synthesis.

• Forevery H+ ion that flows through ATP synthase, one ATP

October 29, 2018