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PHY 113 C General Physics I

11 AM-12:15 PM TR Olin 101

Plan for Lecture 3:

Chapter 3 – Vectors
1. Abstract notion of vectors
2. Displacement vectors
3. Other examples

9/3/2013 PHY 113 C Fall 2013 -- Lecture 3 1


9/3/2013 PHY 113 C Fall 2013 -- Lecture 3 2
PHY 113 C Fall 2013 -- Lecture 3 3
9/3/2013
iclicker question

A. Have you attended a tutoring session yet?


B. Have you attended a lab session yet?
C. Have you attended both tutoring and lab sessions?

9/3/2013 PHY 113 C Fall 2013 -- Lecture 3 4


iclicker question

Have you changed your webassign password yet?


A. yes
B. no

Mathematics Review -- Appendix B Serwey & Jewett

iclicker question

A. Have you used this appendix?


B. Have you used the appendix, and find it helpful?
C. Have you used the appendix, but find it unhelpful?

9/3/2013 PHY 113 C Fall 2013 -- Lecture 3 5


Question from Webassign #2

8
6
4
2
0
-2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
-4
-6
-8

9/3/2013 PHY 113 C Fall 2013 -- Lecture 3 6


Mathematics Review -- Appendix B Serwey & Jewett
Quadratic equation : Trigonometry :
ax 2  bx  c  0 c cos q 
b
c
 b  b 2  4ac a
x q a
2a sin q 
b c
a
tan q 
Differential calculus : Integral calculus : b
d n n 1
at  ant n 1 at
dt  at n dt 
n 1
d t 1
e   e t
dt  et dt  et

d 1
sin( t )   cos( t )
dt  sin( t )dt  

cos( t )
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Definition of a vector
1. A vector is defined by its length and direction.

2. Addition, subtraction, and two forms of multiplication can be


defined
3. In practice, we can use trigonometry or component analysis
for quantitative work involving vectors.
4. Abstract vectors are useful in physics and mathematics.

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Vector addition:
a+b

b
a

Vector subtraction:
a

a–b

-b

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Some useful trigonometric relations
(see Appendix B of your text)
c

 
Law of cosines:
a2 = b2 + c2 - 2bc cos 
a b b2 = c2 + a2 - 2ca cos 
g c2 = a2 + b2 - 2ab cos g

Law of sines:
a  b  c
sin  sin  sin g

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Some useful trigonometric relations -- continued
(from Appendix B of your text)
c

 
Law of cosines:
a2 = b2 + c2 - 2bc cos 
a b b2 = c2 + a2 - 2ca cos 
g c2 = a2 + b2 - 2ab cos g

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Some useful trigonometric relations -- continued
Example:
c=?

 
Law of cosines:
a2 = b2 + c2 - 2bc cos 
10 15 b2 = c2 + a2 - 2ca cos 
20o c2 = a2 + b2 - 2ab cos g

c 2  10   15  2  10   15 cos 20o  43.0922


2 2

c  43.0922  6.654

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Possible realization of previous example:

c=?
Start treasure East
 

10m 15m
20o A pirate map gives directions to
buried treasure following the
indicated arrows. A wily
physics students decides to
take the easterly direct route
South after computing the distance c.

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Quantitative representation of a vector

ĵ Cartesian coordinates

A
Ay


Ax

A  Ax ˆi  Ay ˆj

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Quantitative representation of a vector
Polar coordinates

A A

q
reference
direction

Note: q can be specified in degrees or radians;


make sure that your calculator knows your
intentions!

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Quantitative representation of a vector
Polar & cartesian coordinates

A A
Ay  A sin q
q

Ax  A cos q

A sin q Ay
Also note :  tan q 
A cos q Ax
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Vector components: a  a x xˆ  a y yˆ  a x ˆi  a y ˆj

a  ax2  a 2y
ay

ax

For a  a x xˆ  a y yˆ and b  bx xˆ  by yˆ
a  b  a x  bx xˆ  a y  by yˆ

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Suppose you are given the length of the vector a as
shown. How can you find the components?

iclicker question
y A. ax=a cos q, ay=a sin q
ay B. ax=a sin y, ay=a cos y
C. Neither of these
D. Both of these
q

ax

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Vector components; using trigonometry

A  Ax xˆ  Ay yˆ  Az zˆ  Ax ˆi  Ay ˆj  Az kˆ

An orthogonal coordinate system

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Vector components:
by

ab b  bx xˆ  by yˆ

bx

ay
a  a x xˆ  a y yˆ

ax
For a  a x xˆ  a y yˆ and b  bx xˆ  by yˆ
a  b  a x  bx xˆ  a y  by yˆ
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Examples

Vectors Scalars
Position r Time t
Velocity v Mass m
Acceleration a Volume V
Force F Density m/V
Momentum p Vector components

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Vector components
R1  x1xˆ  y1yˆ  z1zˆ
R 2  x2xˆ  y2yˆ  z2zˆ

R1  R2  ( x1  x2)xˆ  ( y1  y2)yˆ  ( z1  z2 )zˆ

Vector multiplication
“Dot” product A B  ABcosq AB; xˆ  xˆ 1

“Cross” product | AB | ABsinq AB; xˆ yˆ  zˆ

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Example of vector addition:

b
a+b

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90 o o

 5  g  21  180
o o

a+b b  g  74o
g a  b  788 mi
a

Distance between Chicago and Dallas :


ab  a  b  2 a b cos g
2 2

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Webassign version:

Note: In this case the angle f is


actually measured as north of east.

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Another example:
Position vectors in km units :
A  17.7ˆi  17.7ˆj
B  20.0ˆi  34.6ˆj
R  AB
 37.7ˆi  16.9ˆj

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iclicker question
Why are we spending 75 minutes discussing vectors
A. Because physics professors like to confuse students
B. Because physics professors like to use beautiful
mathematical concepts if at all possible
C. Because all physical phenomena can be described by
vectors.
D. Because there are some examples in physics that
can be described by vectors

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Example: Vector addition of velocities

Vb
Vw

Vtotal

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Example: Displacement in two dimensions

(8,5)

d  (8)  (5)  9.43 2 2

(0,0)

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