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Prepared by:

Dishank Upadhyay (110113120002)


Ujas Patel (110113120003)
Preet patel (110113120004)
 Atmospheric presure(Pat):This is the pressure
exerted by the envelope of air surrounding the
earth’s surface.
 Usually determined by a mercury column barometer.

 Absolute Pressure(Pabs):A zero pressure intensity


will occurs when molecular momentum is zero.
 Pressure intensity measure from this state of vaccume
or zero pressure is called absolute pressure.
 Pabs = Pat + Pg
 Pabs = Pat - Pvac
 Gauge Pressure(Pg): When the pressure is
more than atmospheric pressure , the
pressure recorded by the instrument is called
Gauge Pressure.

 Vacuum Pressure(Pvac): A pressure reading


below the atmospheric pressure is known as
vaccume,rarefaction or negative pressure.
 Static Pressure(Ps): It defined as the force per
unit area acting on the wall by a fluid at rest
or flowing parallel to the wall in a pipe line.

 Total or stagnation Pressure(Pt): it defined as


the pressure that would be obtained if the
fluid stream were brought to rest
isentropically.
 Submerged @ depth y.
 Pressure constant over entire
plane surface.
 By hydraulic equation
 P = wh

 If “A” is total area of surface.


 F= P.A = w y A =A (wy)

 For Y=Yc depth of the centre


of gravity of submerged
F = W A YC surface below the free surface
of the liquid.
 Pressure on strip P = w.Y
 Pressure force on strip
 dF = p dA = w.Y.dA
 Total Pressure
 F = ∫w.Y.dA = w ∫ Y.dA
▪ ∫Y.dA = moment of surface
about free liquid surface.
 Total pressure Force
 (area of surface) * (C.G. dist)
oCONSIDER ARBITRARY SHAPE  A * Yc
IMMERSED VERTICALLY.
 F = w.A.Yc
oCONSIDER STRIP
oArea dA
oDepth Y
 Depth of centre pressure:  From boxed equations..
 By applying the principle moments
 “sum of the moment of resultant
 w.A.Yc.Yp = w.Io
force about an axis is equal to the  Yp = Io / (A.Yc)
sum of the component about the
same axis.”
 Total pressure dF = w.Y.dA  From parallel axis theorm
 Moment of this pressure Force  Io = Ic + A.Yc^2
 w.Y.dA * Y
 W.dA.Y^2
 Yp = (Ic + A.Yc^2) / A.Yc
 ∫W.dA.Y^2
 w∫ Y^2. dA
 Yp = Yc + ((Ic)/(A.Yc))
▪ ∫ Y^2. dA = moment of inertia.  Yp-Yc = Ic / (A.Yc)
▪ Io

 F = w.A.Yc.Yp
 dF = P.dA = w.Y.dA
 dF = w.l.sinα.dA
 Force on entire surface :
 F = ∫ p.dA = wsinα ∫ l.dA
 ∫ l.dA = 1st moment of area @
OO’
 ∫ l.dA = A.lc
 F = w.A.(lc.sinα)
 F = w.A.Yc
 Moment of pressure on
•CONSIDER A PLANE SURFACE
elementry strip
IMMERSED IN LIQUID.  dF.l
 w.Y.dA.l
•IT INTERSECT AT OO’
•MAKING AN ANGLE Α .  w.l.sinα.dA.l
•DIFFERENCE IN FORCE DF & AREA DA
 Sum of all  From equations
 ∫w.sinα.l^2.dA  w.A.Yc.Yp = w.sinα.Io
 w.sinα.∫l^2.dA  Parallel axis theorm
▪ ∫l^2.dA = Io  Io = Ic + A.(lc^2)
 F = w.sinα.Io  lp = Yp/sinα
 If “lp” denotes dist of  lc = Yc/sinα
centre of pressure of the  Yp = [(Ic.sin^2 α )/ A.Yc] + Yc
total hydraustatic pressure
force  Yp-Yc = [(Ic.sin^2 α ) / A.Yc]
 F = w.A.Yc
 F = w.A.Yc.Yp
 For curved surface pressure
changes point to point therefore,
 For the elementary area :
 dFh = dF.sinθ = P.dA.sinθ
 dFv = dF.cosθ = P.dA.cosθ
 θ = inclination of the elementary
area dA with the horizontal.
 Here P = w.Y
 Fh = ∫ dFh = w. ∫ Y.dA.sinθ
 Fv = ∫ dFv =w. ∫ Y.dA.cosθ
 ∫ Y.dA.cosθ & ∫ Y.dA.sinθ represent
respectively the horizontal & vertical
•AREA DA projections of elementary are dA.
•VERTICAL DEPTH Y  Resultant Force :
•PRESSURE INTENSITY P.
 F = √(Fv^2+Fh^2)
•DIFFERENTIAL FORCE ACTING IN
DRECTION NORMAL TO THE SURFACE  Acting Angle:
IS  θ = tan⁻ⁱ (Fv/Fh)
•dF = P.dA = w.Y.dA
•F = ∫w.Y.dA.

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