GOVERNING SYSTEM

OVERVIEW

Dr.M.S.R.MURTY
drmsrmurty@yahoo.com
 GOVERNING SYSTEM
OVERVIEW

TOPICS

1. Basic Governing Process

2. Control requirements in various
modes
3. Aspects of dynamic response
4. Abnormal operation : ‘Protective’
Control
5. Interaction with plant controls
 Steam

Excitation
Controller

TURBINE GEN

f Voltage sensor
V & Comparator

Steam valve
fref
Controller Vref
Frequency sensor
& Comparator P + jQ

Speed Excitation
TURBO GENERATOR : Governing & Control
System System
LFC AVR
S. H. PRESS
STEAM

E–H
CONTROL MW
SYSTEM

SPEED

G
ST

STEAM TURBINE GOVERNING SYSTEM

 BASIC GOVERNING SYSTEM

Boiler

PROCESSING
AND
AMPLIFYING ○ G
ST

SPEED
SENSING

C
• Sensing : - Mechanical (Fly ball type)
- Hydraulic (Pump)
- Electric (toothed Wheel
pick up, MW Transducer)

• Processing : - Hydro-mechanical
- Electro-hydraulic
- Digital Electro-hydraulic

• Amplification : - Hydraulic amplifiers in stages

• Actuation : - Servomotor
 Governing System
• Main Objective
To Adjust control valve opening
 Speed Variation

• At steady state :
• Turbine Torque (Pm) = Load Torque( (Pel)
• During transient :
Speed = ∫((Pm – Pel) / Ta ) dt

• Ta = Acceleration time or inertia constant

 PT PRESSURE
SP

STEAM GOV.
SYSTEM
SV
POWER
CV
SPEED

ST ○ GRID
G
Protection
System SP : SET POINT

CV : CONTROL VALVE

Permissives SV : STOP VALVE

BASIC GOVERNING AND PROTECTION SCHEME

SET
POINT + Proce- PROC
Amplify- Actuation
○ ssing
ESS
cation

Measured
value

Transducer
Or Sensor

Speed, MW,
Pressure

Governing scheme As Closed loop feedback control

system
 Control Requirements
• Start up : To Control machine speed
particularly during synchronization

• Normal :To Control MW

To control system frequency within
a band
• Emergency : Load Rejection/Circuit Breaker
Opening:
To restore speed deviation quickly
without much transient overspeed
Power System Operation :
Governing system helps in providing adequate damping (‘Dynamic
Stability’)

Operating Modes:
Isolated : S Open
Interconnected : S Closed or grid connected
 ELECTRONIC CONTROLLER

Speed
Ref: SPEED
CONTROLLER

Speed
PI TO Hyd
Amplifier
SELECTION E
LOGIC H
Load
LOAD
Ref:
CONTROLLER

Load PDP
 X K P + Ki Y
s
Output
PI
(Y)

Load
Controller

t Output PID
Output (Y)
(Y)
X K P + Ki + Kd s Y
PD s

t
Output t
(Y) PDP

K( 1+ sTv)
(1+ sT)

Speed
K Controller

t
 Tuning Of Speed Controller

• K( 1+ VsTs.s)
KV
(1+ Ts.s) s s

Ks
• Vs : Higher value helps in
stabilizing Sec

• Ts : Minimum value
necessary
• Ks : Fixed by droop
25 (4%)
or 20 ( 5%).
 Speed Regulation Or Droop
Speed Valve Steam Turbine
Change Opening Flow Power
Change Change Change
= (Load)
Speed Or
Frequency

52 Hz 104 %

50 Hz 100 %

0 50 100
Load
%
 Speed Controller Set Point

1.005 0.
20
Load rejection
nr 1 To
performance is
….. Selecti
- -on influenced by set
Logic point

ns
1.0

Set Point 1.005 -> 10 % House Load

Droop appears in speed controller transfer function
 Incremental Speed Regulation or
Droop
Droop L
_
nref
Pt + n
25 Rotor Inertia
_

At No Load : Lift – Flow Characteristics Slope Is Less

Effective Droop Becomes Less than 4% Say 3%
For 3% : Gain 100/3 = 33.33
More the closed loop Gain More speed Oscillations : Hunting
 TG Unit On Grid: Load Control
• TG Speed/Frequency
does not effect grid
frequency Infinite Inertia Bus
GRID
• After synchronization,
change in valve
opening cannot
change TG unit speed
Changes only Power
Output
 Load Controller

MW To Valve
Opening
ref + Load Controller
(PI)
-

MW

Speed Controller : Ready to take over when large load changes occur
Load Controller : Slower response than Speed Controller
 SC O/P
Speed
0.1
+
0.1
S.C Σ
LC O / P 0.2

Valve
0.3 Opening
M M Command
A I
0.2
X 0.2 N

L.C
0.2

MW

SPEED CONTROLLER & LOAD CONTROLLER

SELECTION LOGIC
 P ref

VL

P el
KPL
+
--

-- + SELECTION
TO
EHC

1
T IL S

KGL From
Frequency SC
Influence

Load Controller:
--- Has influence only in interconnected operation
--- Combination of KPL and TIL is necessary for proper generation
increase / decrease.
--- Small value of feed forward ( VL ) ensures prompt response.
--- Influence of frequency on gen. can be provided to suit grid.
 Governor Dead Band
Valve
Opening

Frequency or Speed

Dead Band Or
insensitivity

Dead band Higher :Detrimental To stability

STEAM TURBINE SCHEME WITH
HP AND IP CONTROLS

Steam
HPCV
HPT

IPT
LPT

IPCV
Condenser
RH Reheate
r
 IP CONTROL ACTION
• When Speed increases HPCV starts Closing
Immediately
• IPCV starts closing after about 103 % speed rise
and closes completely at about 106 %
• IPCV action reduces transient speed rise

• Fast valving: When circuit breaker opens at full

load only IPCV is closed for
• few seconds and then reopened
MECHANICAL HYDRAULIC
GOVERNOR AS BACKUP

Electro – Hydraulic Controller

E HG
M VALVE
I OPENING
COMMAND
N

MHG Hydraulic
Minimum
Mechanical – Hydraulic
Controller
 UNIT DEMAND CONTROL SYSTEM INTERFACE WITH
GOVERNING SYSTEM

Boiler Load To Boiler combustion

Unit
Set Point Controller
Load UDC (BLSP)
Set Point
(ULSP)
STEAM Turbine
FLOW Load to Governing
CO-ORDINATOR Set Point System
(TLSP)
Time delay based on
boiler storage constant
 POWER SYSTEM FREQUENCY CONTROL SYSTEM

Set point SECONDARY

○ REGULATION
AUTOMATIC
LOAD
To REQUENCY
Other CONTROLLER
Machines Generator Total
Other m/c
Power Load
○
Set point + GRID Area
○ Governor Turbine + - INERTIA Freq-
- + uency
○ + Total Generation
Frequency
PRIMARY
REGULATION
 STEAM
HPCV

LPT
HPT

G
SPEED
LOAD GOV,
Extraction SYSTEM LPCV
Steam
Pressure CONDENSER

TO PROCESS

EXTRACTION TURBINE CONTROL SCHEME

 Speed
SP
Controller
+
Speed Combination HSEH = HPCV
Opening
Logic
Load Command
SP Or
Controller
- Mixer logic
HSEN = LPCV
MW Opening
Command
Pressure
SP Controller
-
SP: Set point
Extraction
Pressure

FUNCTIONAL BLOCK DIAGRAM OF EXTRACTION TURBINE

GOVERNOR
STEAM IPCV
LPCV CV=CONTROL
VALVE
HPCV

HPT

IPT

LPT
N

EXTRACTION 1 EXTRACTION 2
CONDENSER

DOUBLE EXTRACTION TURBINE GOVERNING SCHEME

 VHP HP MP LP
PRDS

Stream
Generator
SG

Turbine
Stream
N
SG

Hrader
Process Process Process Process

EXTRACTION BACK PRESSURE TURBINE CONTROL IN STEAM

SYSTEM
 Set point
TO STEAM
NETWORK GOVERNING
V SYSTEM
STEAM H Pressure
GENERATOR P

H
E
A
D N
E
R

STEAM HEADER PRESSURE CONTROL BY TURBINE

GOVERNING SYSTEM OVERVIEW : SUMMARY

SPEED
CONTROLLER

LOAD
CONTROLLER

PRESSURE
CONTROLLER

VALVE
OPENING SPEED
TURBINE
GOVERNOR SYSTEM MW

PRESSURE

SPEED
MW

PRESSURE
 Governing System Overview
Summary
• Important for startup, synchronization and
loading
• Stable and secure operation
• Electro hydraulic turbine control with
Speed, load and Pressure controller
• Proper tuning of control parameters is
essential
• Droop (4 to 5 %) helps in stabilization
• Dead band or insensitivity should be
minimum
• Additional mechanism: Load shedding
relay
• Automatic Load frequency Control acts
through Governing system
Thank You !