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Jan-19 2
Chapter 11
Jan-19 3
Objectives
Distinguish between intradomain and interdomain
routing
Understand distance vector routing and RIP
Ability to calculate routing table entries in RIP
Understand link state routing and OSPF
Understand path vector routing and BGP
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Intradomain and Interdomain
Routing
The Internet (and internets) are divided into
autonomous systems
An Autonomous System (AS) is a group of networks
and routers under the authority of a single
administration
Routing within an AS is referred to as intradomain
routing
Routing between autonomous systems is referred to
interdomain routing
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Autonomous Systems
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Unicast Routing Protocols
An Internet is a collection of networks connected by
routers.
Routers determine the path a packet should take based
on a metric (cost).
A router uses a routing table to specify the optimum
path that a packet should take based on a metric.
A routing protocol is a combination of rules and
procedures that enables routers to exchange information
in their routing tables.
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Popular Routing Protocols
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Distance Vector Routing
In distance vector routing, the least cost route between
any two nodes is the route with minimum distance.
Minimum distance is determined by the total of the link
(network) costs to the destination.
Each node maintains a vector (table) of minimum
distances to every node in its AS.
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Distance Vector Routing Tables
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Routing Information Sharing
In Distance Vector Routing, each node shares its entire
routing table with its immediate neighbours periodically
and when there is a change.
Nodes can only calculate the distance between
themselves and their nearest neighbour.
Distance between other nodes should be sent by those
nodes.
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Initialisation of Tables in Distance
Vector Routing
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3 Step Updating in Distance Vector
Routing
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RIP Version 1
The Routing Information Protocol (RIP) is an
intradomain routing protocol used within an
autonomous system. It is a very simple protocol based
on distance vector routing.
The distance metric used is that each network link has
the value of 1 (called hop count as the number of links is
also the number of hops to the destination).
Infinity (not reachable) is defined as 16.
So largest AS can only have 15 hops between any two
nodes to use RIP.
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Example of a Domain using RIP
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RIP Message Format
Request and reply messages are limited
broadcast.
Network address section is 14 bytes so as to
accommodate any addressing scheme.
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Request message
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RIP Timers
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Periodic Timer
Controls the advertising of regular update messages.
Uses a random number between 25 and 35 seconds, to
prevent routers updating simultaneously (on average
every 30 seconds).
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Expiration Timer
Governs the validity of a route.
On receipt of an update, the expiration timer is set to
180 seconds for that particular route.
Each time a new update is received, the timer is reset.
If a problem occurs the allotted 180 seconds expires, at
this time the hop count is set to 16 (infinity), which
means the destination is unreachable.
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Garbage Collection Timer
When information about a route becomes invalid
(destination unreachable), the router does not
immediately purge the route from its table.
It continues to advertise the route with a metric of 16.
At this time the garbage collection timer is set to 120
seconds for the route.
When the count reaches zero, the route is purged.
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RIP Version 2
Advances on RIPv1 to accommodate
Route tag – information from interdomain routing
protocols.
Subnet Mask – supports classless addressing (must
include the mask).
Next hop addressing – in case routers are boundary
routers (need to know next hop outside AS).
Authentication by using the first repeated segment to
include this information.
Multicast message so only routers are valid receivers.
UDP Encapsulation (port 520).
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RIP Version 2 Format
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Link State Routing
Intradomain routing protocol.
Each node in the domain finds the entire topology of
the domain.
Nodes know the type, cost and condition of each link.
Each node uses Dijkstra’s algorithm to calculate its
path metric and build the routing table.
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Building Routing Tables
Create a Link State Packet (LSP) to advertise the state
of links for the node.
Flood AS (multicast) with this information.
Each router calculates the shortest path tree for each
node.
Update routing table based on new/additional
information.
LSP’s are created when
Triggered update – change in the network
Periodic – refresh function every 60 – 120 minutes
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Concept of Link State Routing
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Link State Knowledge
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Routing Table for Node A
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Open Shortest Path First (OSPF)
The Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) protocol is an
intradomain routing protocol based on link state
routing.
OSPF categorises the AS into different areas:
An area is a collection of networks, hosts and routers.
Area Border Routers summarise area information and
pass between areas.
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Areas in an Autonomous System
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OSPF Metrics
OSPF allows administrators to assign a cost (metric) to
each route.
The metric is usually based on type of service
(minimum delay, maximum throughput etc.).
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OSPF Links
Connections in OSPF are called links
There are 4 different types of links:
Point-to-point: connects 2 routers without any other
host or router between them.
Transient: a network with several routers attached to
it.
Stub: a network connected to only one router (end).
Virtual: created when a link is broken and a new path
is created.
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Example of an AS and its Graphical
Representation in OSPF
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Types of OSPF Packets
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OSPF Common Header
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Link State Update Packet
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OSPF Other Packets
Hello message: creates neighbourhood relationships
and tests reachability of neighbours (first step).
Database Description message: sent in response to a
Hello message from a new router, contains the outline of
the routing table.
Link State Request message (LSR): sent so a router can
complete its table.
Link State Acknowledgment message (LSAck): sent in
response to every LSU packet received.
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Path Vector Routing
Used for Interdomain routing.
Path Vector Routing is similar to Distance Vector
Routing.
There is at least one node, called the speaker node,
that acts on behalf of each AS.
The speaker node creates a routing table and
advertises it to speaker nodes in neighbouring ASs.
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Path Vector Routing
The speaker node advertises the full path and not the
metric inside its AS
Distance Vector Routing is unstable with too many hops.
Link State Routing uses huge resources and adds a large
amount of traffic.
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Path Vector Routing
Loops are prevented by checking the path list to
ensure the node is not already listed.
Policy routing can be implemented as the entire path
is known and therefore, routers can be checked against
policy information.
Metrics are not included when shared as each network
may have different criteria they place on links and each
AS may use different routing protocols.
The optimum path is the path that fits the
organisation and depends on what is important.
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Initial Routing Tables in Path Vector Routing
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Stabilised Tables for Four Autonomous Systems
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Border Gateway Protocol (BGP)
Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) is an Interdomain
routing protocol using path vector routing
It first appeared in 1989 and has gone through four
versions
BGP supports Classless InterDomain Routing (CIDR)
Uses TCP port 179
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Types of BGP Messages
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Types of BGP Messages (contd.)
Open message creates a neighbourhood
relationship, the other routers reply with a
Keepalive message.
Update message is used to advertise new routes
or change/delete existing ones.
Keepalive message only contains the common
header with type set to 3.
Notification message is sent when immediate
changes need to be made due to error or need to
close a connection (graceful shutdown).
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After the lecture…
Review the lecture material at least once.
Read all relevant sections in the textbook.
Attempt all tutorial problems.
Complete the relevant questions from the
assignment.
Check if you are competent with the objectives
mentioned at the beginning of each topic.
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