CONICS SECTION

GROUP 1

Basarte, Joy
Corpuz, Sarah Joyce
Fernandez, Denise Bianca
Harid, Jamaira
Tugono, Monica Yhanne
Yanga, Iris
 HISTORY OF CONICS SECTION
• Apollonius was the first to base the theory of all
three conics on section of one circular cone, right
or oblique. He is also the one to give the name
ellipse, parabola and hyperbola.
• Apollonius of Perga, a 3rd century B.C. Greek
geometer, wrote the greatest treatise on the
curves. His works “Conics” was the first to show
how all three curves, along with the circle, could
be obtained by slicing the same right circular
cone at continuously varying angles.
• The Greeks defined the conics in the
terms of the curves of the intersection
of a plane and right circular cone.
• A plane is made to cut two inverted
right circular cones connected together
at their vertices.
• The cones are called nappes.
 FOUR TYPES OF CONICS
• CIRCLE
• ELLIPSE
• PARABOLA
• HYPERBOLA
• When a plane cuts one nappe perpendicular to the cones
axis, the figure formed is circle.
• When a plane cuts one nappe at an angle with the cone
axis, the figure formed is an ellipse.
• When a plane cuts one nappe parallel to the side o a cone,
the figure formed is parabola.
• When a plane intersect both nappe and is parallel to the
cone axis, the figure formed is hyperbola.
 General equation of Conics
Ax2 + Bxy + Cy2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0

• Conics can be obtained by slicing

the same right circular cone at
continuously varying cones
Properties of Conic Sections
Intersection at infinity:
Division of conic sections can also be done on the basis
of the line at the infinity and its intersection with the
conic, which gives:
a. Ellipses if it intersects the line at infinity in 0 points
– rather, in 0 real points, but in 2 complex points,
which are conjugate.
b. Parabolas if it intersects the line at infinity in 1
double point, relating to the axis.
c. Hyperbolas if it intersects the line at infinity in two
points, relating to the asymptotes – hyperbolas pass
through infinity, with a twist.
Degenerate cases
There are five types of degenerate cases: The first
three are in which the plane passes along the apex
of the cone, and rest two that arise when the cone
itself degenerates to a cylinder.
ECCENTRICITY AND FOCUS OF
HYPERBOLA
• for e > 1 a hyperbola
• for a hyperbola, the ratio is greater than 1.
 CIRCLE
• A circle is the set of all points (x,y) in the plane
whose distance form fixed point is a constant.
• Fixed point is called center
• Distance from the center is called radius
CHARACTERISTICS OF A CIRCLE
• Round
• Never-ending
• Collection of Infinite point
• Polygon with an infinite number of sides
• Any point in the circle is the same from the
distance from the center
• Made up of close curved line
PARTS OF A CIRCLE
 STANDARD FORM
Center of the origin

𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 = 𝒓𝟐
STANDARD FORM
Center at Point C(h,k)

(𝒙 − 𝒉)𝟐 +(𝒚 − 𝒌)𝟐 = 𝒓𝟐

GENERAL FORM
𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 + 𝑫𝒙 + 𝑬𝒚 + 𝑭 = 𝟎
• Three cases of the general form of equation
Case 1. When E>0, we have a circle whose center is
at the origin and radius.
Case 2. When E=0, we have a circle of zero radius,
the origin. This is called a degenerate circle or point-
circle.
Case 3. When E<0, there is no circle at all in the xy-
plane.
 P (x,y)
The center origin is C(0,0) and the
radius is r

Let P(x,y) be a point on the circle r

r= (𝑥 − 0)2 +(𝑦 − 0)2 C (0,0)

r= 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2

Square both sides of equation.

𝑥2 + 𝑦2 = 𝑟2
 y
• EXAMPLE

Find the equation of the circle

given in the figure.

Given: x
3
r=
2
Solution:
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = (32)2
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 9/4 3
r=
4𝑥 2 + 4𝑦 2 = 9 2
 y
Applying the distance formula
for two points C(h,k) and
P(x,y)
P(x,y), we solve for the value of
r. r
r= (𝑥 − ℎ)2 + (𝑦 − 𝑘)2
k
Squaring both sides we get.
(𝑥 − ℎ)2 + (𝑦 − 𝑘)2 = 𝑟 2
x
The equation is the standard h
form of a circle whose center is 0
at C(h,k) and radius is r.
• EXAMPLE y
Find the equation of the circle whose
center is at (-3,5) and radius is 5.

Given:
C(-3,5) r=5 C(-3,5)

Solution:
(𝑥 + 3)2 + (𝑦 − 5)2 = 25 r= 5
𝑥 2 + 6x +9 + 𝑦 2 − 10y + 25 = 25 x
𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 +6x-10y+9+25-25 = 0

ANSWER:
𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 +6x-10y+9 = 0
REAL LIFE APPLICATION
• This pictures shows a structure of a church
which a circle is a part of it. It has a round
about/never-ending line. Any point in the
line forming the circle is equidistant
among others from the center of the circle.
 PARABOLA
• A parabola is the set of all point (x,y) in a
plane whose distance from a fixed point is
equal to the distance from a fixed line.
• Fixed point is called the focus
• Fixed line is called directrix
• The line through the focus and perpendicular of
the directrix is the principal axis of the parabola.
• Vertex is a point of the intersection of the
parabola and its principal axis . And halfway
between the focus and the directrix on the
principal axis.
• Latus rectum is the line segment through the
focus connecting two points on the parabola and
perpendicular to the principal axis.
PARTS OF A PARABOLA
PARABOLA WITH
VERTEX AT THE
ORIGIN
 y y
𝒚𝟐 = −𝟒𝒂𝒙 𝒚𝟐 = 𝟒𝒂𝒙

O
x x
O F(0,-a)
F(-a,0)

PARABOLA OPENS TO THE LEFT PARABOLA OPENS TO THE RIGHT

 𝒙𝟐 = 𝟒𝒂𝒚 y 𝒙𝟐 = −𝟒𝒂𝒚 y

F(-a,0)

O
x x
O
F(0,-a)

PARABOLA OPENS UPWARD PARABOLA OPENS DOWNWARD

PARABOLA WITH
VERTEX AT ANY
POINT (h,k)
(y-k)2 = 4a(x-h) When it opens to the right

(y-k)2 = -4a(x-h) When it opens to the left

(x-h)2 = -4a(y-k) When it opens upward

(x-h)2 = -4a(y-k) When it opens downward

 GENERAL FORM OF THE
EQUATION OF PARABOLA

• 𝑦 2 + 𝐷𝑥 + 𝐸𝑦 + 𝐹 = 0 y-axis

• 𝑥 2 + 𝐷𝑥 + 𝐸𝑦 + 𝐹 = 0 x-axis
ECCENTRICITY AND FOCUS OF
PARABOLA

• for e = 1 a parabola
• For a parabola, the ratio of focus
is 1, so the two distances are equal
REAL LIFE APPLICATION
The structure is an
example of a
parabola. The inverted
arch acts as a support
to the weight of the
bridge.
 ELLIPSE
• An ellipse is the set of all points (x,y) in a plane
whose sum of its distance from two fixed points in
the plane is constant.
• Two fixed points are called foci
• Principal axis is the line joining them
• The line perpendicular to the principal axis at the
center is the conjugate axis.
• The points where the curve crosses the conjugate axis
are called intercepts
 CHARACTERISTIC OF ELLIPSE
• An ellipse looks like a circle that has been
squashed into an oval. Like a circle, an ellipse is
a type of line. Imagine a straight line
segment that is bent around until its ends join.
Then shape that loop until it is an ellipse - a sort
of 'squashed circle' like the one above. Things
that are in the shape of an ellipse are said to be
'elliptical'.
 PARTS OF ELLIPSE y
intercept

vertex vertex
x
focus focus
center

intercept
Conjugate axis
 STANDARD FORM
𝟐 𝟐
𝒙 𝒚
𝟐
+ 𝟐=𝟏
𝒂 𝒃
Standard form of a ellipse with a center at
(h,k) is
(x - h)2 + (y - k)2 = 1 Major axis is parallel to the x-
a2 b2 axis

(x - h)2 + (y - k)2 = 1 Major axis is parallel to the y-

b2 a2 axis
• When the principal axis is the x-axis
B
(0,b)

P (x,y)

V V

F O F (a,0)
(-a,0)

(0,-b) B
• The constant is greater than the distance
between the foci, then b<a and c<a.
c² = a² + b²
• V’V is a major axis
• B’B is a minor axis
• Find the length of the major axis and the minor axis of the ellipse
defined by the equation 8𝑥 2 + 18𝑦 2 = 72. Determine the vertices,
y-intercepts, and foci.
Solution:
𝑥2 𝑦2
+ =1
9 4
𝒂𝟐 =9 or 𝒂=3 and 𝒃𝟐 =4 or 𝒃 = 2
c² = a² - b²
c² = 9-4= 5 or c= 5

L Major axis = 2a = 2(3)=6

L Minor axis = 2b = 2(2)=4
y-intercepts are (0,2) & (0,-2)
Foci are ( 5,0) & (− 5,0)
 y
8𝑥 2 + 18𝑦 2 = 72

B
P

x
V F O F V

B
• When the principal axis is the y-axis
y
(0,b) V

P (x,y)

x
A A
(-a,0) (a,0)

(0,-b) V
• The constant is greater than the distance
between the foci, then c<b and a<b.
b² = a² + c²
• V’V is a major axis
• A’A is a minor axis
An ellipse has its foci at (0,± 60) and vertices (0, ±8)
a² = b² - c²
a²=8² -( 60 )²
a²= 64-60= 4 𝑜𝑟 2
Intercept are (2,0)
a=2 and b=8
Equation of the ellipse is:
𝑥2 𝑦2
+ =1
4 64
 y
V
F
F

V
 ECCENTRICITY OF THE ELLIPSE
• Ellipse determined by the ratio of the center to focus
distance to c the center to vertex distance a.
• The ratio is called the eccentricity of the ellipse.
• When a principal axis is at x-axis, the center to vertex
distance a .
• e=c/a
• c= 𝑎2 − 𝑏^2
• Ellipse can have a range of eccentricity values 0<e<1.
notice that the value 0 is included (a circle), but the value
1 is not included (that would be a parabola). Since there is
a range of eccentricity values, not all ellipse are similar
REAL LIFE APPLICATION
The top of the building which was taken
only at the side of it, forms another conic
section-ellipse. The slanted position makes it
as such. It looks like a circle slightly
flattened
 HYPERBOLA
• A hyperbola is the set of all points (x,y) in
a plane for which the absolute value of the
difference of the distances from two fixed
points is constant.
• Two fixed points are called foci
• Principal axis is the line joining them
• Halfway point bet. Foci is called center
• Vertices is the point where hyperbola
crosses to principal axis.
PARTS OF HYPERBOLA
 Standard form
Transverse Asymptote
Equation Vertices
Axis s

y-axis Y = ±(b/a)x (±a, 0)

x-axis Y = ±(a/b)x (0, ±a)

Foci: c² = a² + b²
REAL LIFE APPLICATION
ECCENTRICITY AND FOCUS OF
HYPERBOLA

• for e > 1 a hyperbola

• for a hyperbola, the ratio is greater
than 1.