1 UGANDA PETROLEUM INSTITUTE KIGUMBA

UPIK

DPS 127- PETROLEUM GEOLOGY

Instructor: Julliet Adubo

 STRUCTURE OF THE EARTH
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 The earth is essentially a sphere approximately 12,756 km in diameter with a circumference

of approximately 25,000 miles.

 Made up of three layers namely;

1. Crust

2. Mantle

3. Core
  Oceanic Crust
The image below shows a piece of heated magma
in the process of cooling into basalt
Crust is primarily (mainly) denser basaltic rocks;
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5–10 km thick. Predominantly (mostly or mainly) silica
and magnesium bearing rocks (Sima) are
extruded(forced or pushed out, esp through a small
opening) at mid-oceanic ridges, resulting in a thin,
relatively dense crust (~3.0 g/cm3 ).

Ocean crust is composed of the rock basalt, a dark, dense

igneous rock
  Continental Crust
Makes up the continent; it is primarily granite, a less dense, lighter in color, igneous rock. Predominantly
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silica and aluminium bearing rocks (Sial); average thickness 35 km, up to 60 km in mountain ranges.
 Sources of data on the earth’s structure
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Drilling

Volcanic activity

Lab experiments

Meteorites

Seismic waves
 Drilling
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Deepest well is in Russia – Kola Peninsula.

Spud in May 1970, drilled to 12,262 m (40,230’) in 1989; Cost USD

100MM.

Temperature was 180 o C.

Previous record: Bertha Rogers, OK, gas well to 31,441’. New

record (May 2008) – 40,323’, Transocean, offshore Qatar.

 Volcanic activity
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Good to ~ 200 km. But this is rare.

Rock types that come along with the magma give an idea of how

far the rock is from the subsurface and the chemical composition

there in.
 Lab Experiments & Meteorites
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High pressure lab experiments are used to determine chemical

changes in rock types.(see Bowen's reaction series)

Meteorites are external foreign rock samples from space that depict

the chemical composition of the earth. These can be Ni and Fe,

stony (peridotite) and stony-iron (peridotite, Fe and Ni).

 Seismic waves
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From earth quakes and nuclear explosions.

The released energy sends out vibrations (seismic waves) which

travel through the earth. Seismometers record these vibrations

on a graph. This record is known as a seismograph.

 Types of Seismic Waves
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Body waves

I. Primary(P) waves

II. Secondary(S) waves

Surface waves

I. Love wave

II. Rayleigh wave

 Primary (P) Waves
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Travel parallel to the direction of propagation.

Are the fastest and their velocity depends on the elastic

properties of the rock through which they travel.

 V p=
 Primary (P) Waves
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 P-waves, like sound waves, move by

compressing and expanding the material

as they travel.

 These waves therefore vibrate in the

vertical plane as compressions and

rarefactions.

 P wave particles move in the direction of

wave propagation.
 Secondary (S) Waves
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Also known as shear waves

Are slower than P waves and move

rock particles up and down, or

side-to-side perpendicular to the

direction of wave propagation

Vs =
 P & S Wave refraction and shadow zones
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P- Wave S- Wave

Gutenberg
discontinuity
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 Surface waves
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Love waves

It's the fastest surface wave and moves the ground from side-to-side.

Rayleigh waves

Rolls along the ground just like a wave rolls across a lake. Because

it rolls, it moves the ground up and down and side-to-side in the

direction of wave propagation.

17
Love wave Rayleigh wave
 Internal Structure of the earth Continental crust
18 Oceanic crust
Moho discontinuity
 Structure the earth
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Partially molten an
ductile
 Plate tectonics
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What is plate tectonics?

A tectonic (or lithospheric) plate is a segment of the lithosphere.

Movement of these plates is referred to as plate tectonics.

 Evidence of plate tectonics
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Continental Drift:

I. Shape of coastlines.

II. Faunal similarities / fossil evidence.

III. Rift Valleys of Africa.

IV. Geologic similarities: Africa & S. America.

V. Ancient climatic zones match up.

 Evidence of plate tectonics
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Sea Floor Spreading:

I. Young, thin, ocean basins and sea floor.

II. Subsidence in oceans –guyots.

III. Mid-oceanic ridges.

IV. Benioff zones.

V. Magnetic stripes on sea floor. Continental Drift:

 Shapes of shore lines
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1596, Ortelius, Dutch map maker & 1858, geographer Antonio Snider-Pellegrini
 Continental drifting
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Alfred Wegener, 1912

 Faunal similarities and fossil evidence
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 Faunal similarities and fossil evidence
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 Earth’s Plates –12 major plates
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 Mid- oceanic Ridges
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 Oceanic Trenches
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 Plate movement
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 Types of plate boundaries
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 Types of plate boundaries ( Margins)
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 Divergent plate boundaries
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 Convergent plate boundaries
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Continent - Continent collision

Continent - Oceanic crust collision

Ocean - Ocean collision

 Continent- continent collision
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 Continent -Oceanic Crust Collision
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 Continent -Oceanic Crust Collision
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e.g. The Peru Chile Trench

 Convergent: Oceanic -Oceanic
38 e.g. Marianas, Aleutian trenches
 Transform boundaries
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San Andreas fault in the Temblor Range east of the city of San Luis Obispo.