ENVIRONMENTAL

IMPACT
ASSESSMENT
SOUBHAGYA S
ASST. PROFESSOR
ECE DEPARTMENT
 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT

 Study of probable changes in socio-economic and

biophysical characteristic of the environment that may
result from a proposed action.

 EIA represents a means of evaluating and simultaneously

controlling the quality of the human environment.

 Itis an intrinsic link between environment and economic

growth

 Ifdetailed EIA proceeds all developmental projects, then it

will greatly help in averting subsequent adverse effects on
the environment. 2
 POLLUTION
 Pollution is the introduction of contaminates into
the natural environment that cause adverse
change.

 Pollution can take the form of chemical

substances or energy, such as noise, heat or light

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 TYPES OF ENVIRONMENTAL
POLLUTION

 Atmospheric or air pollution

 Water pollution

 Land or soil pollution

 Noise pollution

 Radioactive pollution 4
1. AIR POLLUTION
 It is the contamination of indoor or outdoor air by
a range of gases and solids that changes its
natural characteristics
o Key health harmful pollutants include
o Particulate matter(PM2.5 and PM10)
o Carbon monoxide(CO)
o Sulphur dioxide
o Nitrogen oxides

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WATER POLLUTION
 Its occurs when unwanted materials enter in to
water, changes the quality of water and harmful
to environment and human health.
 Substances polluting water

1. Fecal pollutants

2. Toxic inorganic substances

3. Inorganic harmful substances

4. Unnatural organic substances

5. Free oils and emulsifiers

6. Suspended solids
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7. Heat,acids,and strong bases
TERRESTRIAL POLLUTION
 Land pollution degradation or destruction of
earth’s surface and soil directly or indirectly as a
result of human activities. Causes are
 Deforestastion and soil erosion

 Agricultural activities

 Mining activities

 Overcrowded landfills

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NOISE POLLUTION
 It is a form of air pollution that is an audible
unwanted sound that poses a threat to a
person’s health and well being
1. Industrial noise
2. Transport noise
3. Neighbourhood noise

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 Radiation pollution
 Thermal pollution

 Industrial pollution

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 POLLUTANTS
 Any substance present in the environment in
harmful concentration which adversely alters the
environment by damaging the growth rate of the
species and by interfering with the food chains,
is toxic and affects the health, comfort and
property etc is considered as a pollutants.

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CLASSIFICATIONS OF POLLUTANTS
 On the basis of type of source
1. Industrial pollutant
2. Domestic pollutants
 On the basis of existence in nature
1. Quantitative pollutants
2. Qualitative pollutants
 On the basis of the form in which the persist
1. Primary pollutants
2. Secondary pollutants
 Basis of degradation –degradable and non
degradable
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 AIR POLLUTION- primary and secondary
types of pollutants, sulfur dioxide – nitrogen

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dioxide – carbon monoxide

 WATER POLLUTION- point and non-point

source of pollution – major pollutants of
water – impact of pollutants
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 AIR POLLUTION

 AIR POLLUTION-

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 The presence of any solid, liquid or gaseous
substance

 may or tend to be injurious to human beings or

other living creatures or plants or property.

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 AIR POLLUTANTS-

 The solid, liquid or gaseous substances, which

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when present in air,

 cause harmful effects on the abiotic and biotic

components of our environment

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 PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TYPES OF
POLLUTANTS
 Primary pollutants- all the pollutants, which are emitted
directly from the identifiable sources are called primary
pollutants

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 Following 5 primary pollutants contribute about 90% of the
global air pollution
 The important primary air pollutants are
 Oxides of sulphur - sulphur dioxide(SO2)

 Oxides of carbon – carbon monoxide & carbon dioxide

 Oxides of nitrogen – NO, NO2, NO3

 Volatile organic compounds, mostly hydrocarbons

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 Suspended particulate matter (SPM)
 Secondary pollutants- the primary pollutants often react with
one another or with water vapour,

 These secondary pollutants are the chemical substances,

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 These new pollutants are often more harmful than the original
basic elements that produce them.

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 The important secondary pollutants are
 Sulphuric acid

 Ozone

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 Formaldehydes

 Peroxy-acyl-nitrate (PAN)

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 Sulphuric acid is formed by the simple chemical reaction
between SO2 and water vapour

 It is much toxic pollutant than SO2 it causes acid rains.

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 Ozone, formaldehydes, PNA etc are formed by the
photochemical reactions, caused by sunlight between 2 primary
pollutants.

 Ozone is formed by the photochemical reaction between

hydrocarbons (HC) and nitrogen oxide(NO).

 Aldehyde may be formed by the photochemical oxidation of

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hydrocarbons in the atmosphere.
 SULFUR DIOXIDE (𝑠𝑜2 )
 Basic air pollutant amongst all the oxides of sulphur

 It is an irritant gas and when inhaled, affects our

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mucous membranes.

 It increases the breathing rate & causes oxygen deficits

in the body, leading to bronchial spasms in some of the
affected persons.

 Patients of asthma are very badly affected by this 19

pollutant
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
 𝑆𝑂2 mainly originates in the atmospheric air from:-

 refineries & chemical plants,

 smelting operations,

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 burning of fossil fuels

 Thermal power plants may emit 𝑆𝑂2 quantities, as high

as 1Τ 𝑡ℎ of the coal burnt by them.

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 Open burning of garbage as well as municipal

incineration plants may also emit 𝑆𝑂2 in the air. 21
 NITROGEN DIOXIDE
 Atmospheric nitrogen may combine with oxygen at high
temperatures, as generated during fuel combustion, to form

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nitric oxide (NO).

 The nitric oxide at low levels is relatively harmless, but at high

concentrations may cause asphyxiation & respiratory
discomfort.

 It combines about 3 lakhs times faster with haemoglobin than

oxygen.
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 Larger concentration may cause quick death.
 The nitric oxide further combines with the atmospheric
oxygen to form nitrogen dioxide (𝑁𝑂2 ).

 It is very harmful compound for human health.

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 It is responsible for causing eye & nasal irritations,
respiratory discomfort, & even death.

 Higher concentrations of 𝑁𝑂2 exceeding the permissible

limit, causes serious diseases like:

 Emphysema (swelling due to air in body tissues)

 Increased susceptibility to pneumonia

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 Lung cancer
 Under the new revised national ambient air quality
standards prescribed in India, the maximum average
annual concentrations of oxides of nitrogen as 𝑵𝑶𝟐 for
residential areas is 40 𝝁𝒈ൗ𝒎𝟑 which is approximates to

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0.021 ppm.

 Very high concentrations of oxides of nitrogen such as

about 40 to 50 𝒎𝒈ൗ𝒎𝟑 of 𝑵𝑶𝟐 may cause great
respiratory discomfort, leading to quick death.
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 The oxides of nitrogen originates into the atmosphere from

 automobiles exhausts,

 incineration plants,

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 furnace smokes etc

 All involving high temperatures due to combustion of fuels.

 Oxides of nitrogen become more significant, as they are

involved in the formation of secondary air pollutants, such as
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ozone
 CARBON MONOXIDE
 It is a colourless, odourless & toxic gas produced when organic
materials like natural gas, coal or wood are incompletely burnt.

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 Vehicular exhausts are the single largest source of carbon
monoxide

 Poorly maintained vehicles & those having inefficient engines,

without being fitted with adequate pollution control devices,
release greater amounts of carbon monoxide.

 Carbon monoxide possesses about 200 times greater affinity for

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blood-haemoglobin than oxygen.

 When inhaled, 𝐶𝑂 replaces 𝑂2 from the haemoglobin& forms
carboxy-haemoglobin.

 carboxy- haemoglobin is no use for respiratory purposes.

 Hence 𝐶𝑂 inhalation impairs normal oxygen transport carried

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out by the blood,

 Low levels of 𝐶𝑂inhalations produce symptoms like headache,

dizziness, reduction in reaction time etc.

 Higher level may causes nausea, heart palpitations, difficulty in

breathing etc.

 When about half of the haemoglobin of the blood is used up in

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forming carboxy- haemoglobin, death becomes a certainty.
 Presence of 𝐶𝑂in pregnant woman’s blood causes of still births and
deformed offspring.

 𝐶𝑂is not a permanent pollutants, since natural processes do convert

𝐶𝑂to other compounds that are not harmful.

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 The atmosphere can be cleared of 𝐶𝑂, if no new carbon monoxide is
introduced into the atmosphere.

 In cities having higher numbers of automobiles industries, 𝐶𝑂is found

in as high concentrations as upto60 𝒎𝒈ൗ𝒎𝟑 (54 ppm) with still higher
concentrations in tunnels, garages & near the road intersections or the
running automobiles.

𝒎𝒈 28
 The maximum permissible concentration of about 10 ൗ𝒎𝟑
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