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Akash Karande

(B150995PE)
Love Kumar Nagar
(B151006CH)

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What is Oil Spill Disaster?
 A released of a liquid petroleum
hydrocarbon into the
environment, especially marine
areas, due to human activity is
known as oil spill disaster .
 The other term that commonly
used is marine oil spills, where
oil is released into the ocean or
coastal water areas, but spills
may also occur on land.

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DEEPWATER HORIZON OIL SPILL
• Also referred to as the BP oil spill, the BP oil
disaster, the Gulf of Mexico oil spill, and the
Macondo blowout
• Largest marine oil spill in history
• Caused on April 20, 2010
• An explosion on the Deepwater Horizon oil rig and
its subsequent sinking on April 22

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Contd…
• An ultra - deepwater,
offshore drilling rig
owned by Transocean.
• Built in 2001 in South Korea
by Hyundai Heavy Industries.
• The oil well over which it was
positioned was located on the
seabed 4,993 feet (1,522 metres)
below the surface and extended
approximately 18,000 feet (5,486
metres) into the rock.
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HISTORY OF THE OPERATION
• On March 19, 2008, BP obtained a 10-year lease in
Central Gulf of Mexico, conducted by the Minerals
Management Service (MMS).
• Initial drilling of the Macondo well began on
October 6, 2009.
• The Deepwater Horizon was selected in January
2010 for drilling the Macondo well.
• The planned well was to be drilled to 18,360 feet
(5,600 m) below sea level
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INCIDENT
• On the night of April 20 a surge of natural gas
blasted through a concrete core.
• The natural gas traveled up the Deepwater rig’s riser
to the platform, where it ignited, killing 11 workers
and injuring 17.
• The rig sank on the morning of April 22.
• Ruptured the riser.
• Without any opposing force, oil began to
discharge into the gulf.

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FAULT TREE ANALYSIS USED IN INVESTIGATION
OF MACONDO WELL EXPLOSION SOURCES

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CAUSES
• The accident at Deep water horizon is not an
accident not only due to time-action gapping, but
also some sequential events related to
maintenance.

• Explosion is the main reason behind this oil spill.

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• Dodgy cement
• The cement at the bottom of
the borehole did not create a
seal, and oil and gas began to
leak through it into the pipe
leading to the surface

• Quality of cement:
• The cement contained a
nitrogen additive to make it
lighter so that it would flow
more easily.
• This also may have
decreased its sealing
effectiveness
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• Pressure test misinterpreted:
• The crew carried out various pressure tests to
determine whether the well was sealed or not. The
results of these tests were misinterpreted

• No gas alarm:
• The rig had an on-board gas detection system that
should have sounded the alarm and triggered the
closure of ventilation fans to prevent the gas
reaching potential causes of ignition

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IMPACTS FROM THE DEEPWATER HORIZON
OIL SPILL ON GULF OF MEXICO FISHERIES
 The oil spill affected fisheries on three different
levels:
1. The Individual Level, or how oil spills may
impact a single living thing (like a fish).
2. The Population Level, or how oil spills may
impact a group of living things of the same
species.
3.Community-Wide Impacts or how oil spills
cause deformities in the developing larvae of blue
fin tuna and other communities .

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• IMPACTS TO MARINE SPECIES
 Striped dolphins swim among emulsified oil patches
on April 29, 2010 in the Gulf of Mexico, a few days
after the Deepwater Horizon oil spill

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DOLPHINS AND SEA TURTLES : Stranding of both Dolphins and sea
turtles increased significantly in the years following the spill.

“From 2002 to 2009, the Gulf averaged 63 dolphin deaths a year.

That rose to 125 in the seven months after the spill in 2010 and
335 in 2011 .Reported Reuters in 2015.

Sea turtle nests also have gone down in these years

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SEA BIRDS INVERTEBRATS DEEP WATER
Seabirds were Invertebrates CORALS
harmed by crude in the Gulf Found as deep
surface oil even a were hard hit as 4,000 feet
small bit of oil on by the DHS below the
their feathers both in coastal surface
impeded their areas and in Corals near the
ability to fly, swim the deep. blow out
and find food by showed signs
diving. of tissue
damage
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THE HUMAN HEALTH CONSEQUENCES
• The spill exposed people to oil
fumes, Volatile organic compounds
(VOCs), polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbons (PAHs), and heavy
metals
• ACUTE TOXIC EFFECTS,
Neurological, ocular (eye),
respiratory, nausea, Headaches ,Eye,
nose, and throat irritation.
• By 21 June 2010, 143 oil spill exposure
cases had been reported
 108 of those cases involved workers
in the clean-up efforts,
 35 were reported by gulf residents. 16
Remedial measures
• The fundamental strategies that were taken to
clean the oil spill were
1. Containment booms
2. Dispersant
3. Combustion
4. Collection

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1.Containment booms
• Oil when spilled, tends to
float to the surface and
spread out, forming a thin
slick just a few millimeters
thick.
• Cleanup workers surrounded
the slick with floating booms
a physical barrier to keep it
from spreading

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2.USE OF DISPERSANT
• Dispersants are
chemicals that break
down the oil into
smaller particles
• Evaporation and bacteria
can then degrade these
tiny droplets
• waves can wash them away
from the spill site.
• Oil was treated with over 1.4
million gallons of various
chemical dispersants 19
3.COMBUSTION
• About 5% of leaked oil
was burned at the surface
and 3% was skimmed.
• Controlled in-situ
fires remediated
approximately
265,000 barrels.
• The fires released small
amounts of toxins,
including cancer-causing
dioxins
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4.COLLECTION
• Oil was collected
from water by using
skimmers.
• In total 2,063 various skimmers were
used
• in mid-June 2010, BP ordered 32
machines that separate oil and
water
• Each machine was capable of
extracting up to 2,000 barrels per day.
• By 28 June, had removed 890,000
barrels
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Resulting Costs
● Estimate of $32 billion to cover cleanup, legal costs, fines, and
other costs
○ $14 billion to contain and clean up the spill
○ $5.4 billion to settle 60,800 claims to date with individuals and
business affected by the spill
○ $4 billion for criminal penalties and fines, including payments to
the National Fish and Wildlife Foundation
○ $525 million to settle civil charges with the S.E.C that it misled
investors about the flow rate of oil from the well during the spill
○ $236 million to revitalize tourism in Gulf Coast states

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