A Dynamic Breakdown Criterion for

Thermal Runaway During the Flash

Sintering of Ceramics
João Gustavo Pereira da Silva, TUHH
Hazim Ali Al-Qureshi, UFSC
Frerich Keil, TUHH
Rolf Janssen, TUHH

-1-
What is flash sintering?

• A recently developed sintering method, where

densification occurs in lower temperatures and
in a matter of seconds;

• Example: 3 mol % Yttria - Zirconia (3YSZ) is

sintered at 900°C in few seconds, whereas the
conventional sintering is done at 1350°C for at
least one hour.

Francis, John S., Thesis, University of Colorado,

Boulder, 2013

-2-
Example

IR Camera CCD Image

3 mol % Yttria - Zirconia (3YSZ) 900°C, 100 V/cm, 67 mA/mm2

-3-
What is flash sintering?

Voltage Control

Conductivity and
current density
increases

Power source
switched to
current control

Steady state is
reached

Francis, John S., Thesis, University of Colorado,

Boulder, 2013

-4-
Our Equipment

-5-
Motivation

What is going on?

-6-
Onset of Flash Sintering

Previous works:

• Todd et. al. – Finite Difference Method on Cylindrical Samples

• Dong and Chen – Continuous model; Blow up equations; No radiation losses

• Zhang et. al. – Comparison between the rates of heating and dissipation; Predicts
the onset, but not if it would reach a steady state or not.

-7-
Instability in Dynamical Systems

Flash sintering is a process where samples

densify violently under a temperature and
electrical field threshold

-8-
Instability in Dynamical Systems

Flash sintering is a process where samples

densify violently under a temperature and
electrical field threshold

Unstable Behavior

-9-
Instability in Dynamical Systems

Flash sintering is a process where samples

densify violently under a temperature and
electrical field threshold

Unstable Behavior

- 10 -
Instability in Dynamical Systems

Flash sintering is a process where samples

densify violently under a temperature and
electrical field threshold

Unstable Behavior

System Dynamics and Stability Analysis!

Technique used to model

Explosives Thermistors

Braking Noise Supercooling

- 11 -
Model Formulation

Flash sintering is a process where samples

densify violently under a temperature and
electrical field threshold

Furnace Temperature T0
Which conditions lead to flash sintering?
Electrical Field E

System of coupled equations

𝑑𝜌 𝑑𝑇
= 𝐺(𝑇)(1 − 𝜌) = 𝐻 𝑇, 𝐸, 𝜌 − 𝐿(𝑇)
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡

Densification Temperature

- 12 -
Defining the Functions: Densification

Kinetic Model with Apparent Activation

Energy:
𝑑𝜌
= 𝐺(𝑇)(1 − 𝜌)
𝑑𝑡

Valid if only one transport mechanism is the

proeminent:
∆𝐻
− 𝑘𝑇
𝐺 𝑇 = 𝐺0 𝑒

𝐺(𝑇)

- 13 -
Defining the Functions: Densification

Kinetic Model with Apparent Activation

Energy:
𝑑𝜌
= 𝐺(𝑇)(1 − 𝜌)
𝑑𝑡

Valid if only one transport mechanism is the For nanometric YSZ:

proeminent: (Dillatometry Experiments)
∆𝐻
− 𝑘𝑇
𝐺 𝑇 = 𝐺0 𝑒

𝐺(𝑇)

- 14 -
Defining the Functions: Joule Heating

Heat Equation 𝑉

𝜕𝑇 𝜕2𝑇
𝑣𝜌𝐶𝑃 = 𝑘 2 + 𝑞ሶ ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 − 𝑞ሶ 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥
𝑟(𝑇)

- 15 -
Defining the Functions: Joule Heating

Heat Equation 𝑉

𝜕𝑇 𝜕2𝑇
𝑣𝜌𝐶𝑃 = 𝑘 2 + 𝑞ሶ ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 − 𝑞ሶ 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥
𝑟(𝑇)
Lumped Model (Bi << 1)
𝑑𝑇
= 𝐻 𝑇, 𝐸, 𝜌 − 𝐿(𝑇, 𝜌)
𝑑𝑡

- 16 -
Defining the Functions: Joule Heating

Heat Equation 𝑉

𝜕𝑇 𝜕2𝑇
𝑣𝜌𝐶𝑃 = 𝑘 2 + 𝑞ሶ ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 − 𝑞ሶ 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥
𝑟(𝑇)
Lumped Model (Bi << 1)
𝑑𝑇
= 𝐻 𝑇, 𝐸, 𝜌 − 𝐿(𝑇, 𝜌)
𝑑𝑡

𝑟(𝑇)
𝑉 𝐼 𝐸𝑗
𝑞ሶ ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 = 𝑉𝐼 𝐸= 𝑗= 𝐻 𝑇 =
𝑙 𝐴𝑡 𝜌𝐶𝑃

𝑇
∆𝐸
2 −𝑅𝑇
𝐸 𝑒 𝐸 ∆𝐸 𝜌0
𝐻 𝑇 = 𝑗= 𝑟= 𝑟0 𝑒 𝑅𝑇
𝜌0 𝑟0 𝐶𝑃 𝑟 𝜌

- 17 -
Defining the Functions: Heat Losses

𝑑𝑇
= 𝐻 𝑇, 𝐸, 𝜌 − 𝐿(𝑇, 𝜌)
𝑑𝑡

- 18 -
Defining the Functions: Heat Losses

𝑑𝑇
= 𝐻 𝑇, 𝐸, 𝜌 − 𝐿(𝑇, 𝜌)
𝑑𝑡

For Radiation: For Convection:

𝜎𝜀𝐴𝑠 𝑇 4 − 𝑇0 4 ℎ𝐴𝑠 𝑇 − 𝑇0
𝐿 𝑇 = 𝐿 𝑇 =
𝑣𝜌𝐶𝑃 𝑣𝜌𝐶𝑃

- 19 -
Defining the Functions: Shrinkage!

Green Body Instantaneous

𝑚 𝑚
𝜌0 = 𝜌=
𝑣0 𝑣
𝑙0
𝜌0
𝑣 = 𝑣0
𝜌
Considering an Isotropic Material: 𝑙
2ൗ
𝜌0 3
𝐴 = 𝐴0
𝜌 Electrical Field Changes with Densification!
1ൗ
3 𝑉
𝜌0 𝐸=
𝑙 = 𝑙0 𝑙
𝜌
1ൗ
𝜌 3
𝐸 = 𝐸0
𝜌0

- 20 -
The Complete Equation

Radiation:

∆𝐸 2ൗ 1ൗ
𝑑𝑇 2 −𝑅𝑇
𝐸0 𝑒 𝜌 3 𝜎𝜀𝐴𝑠 𝑇 4 − 𝑇0 4 𝜌 3
= −
𝑑𝑡 𝜌0 𝑟0 𝐶𝑃 𝜌0 𝑣𝜌𝐶𝑃 𝜌0

Convection:

∆𝐸 2ൗ 1ൗ
2 −𝑅𝑇 3 3
𝑑𝑇 𝐸0 𝑒 𝜌 ℎ𝐴𝑆 𝑇 − 𝑇0 𝜌
= −
𝑑𝑡 𝜌0 𝑟0 𝐶𝑃 𝜌0 𝑣𝜌𝐶𝑃 𝜌0

- 21 -
Stability in Systems of Differential Equations

𝑑𝜌
= 𝐺(𝑇)(1 − 𝜌)
𝑑𝑡

Flow
𝑑ρ
𝑑𝑡

- 22 -
Stability in Systems of Differential Equations

𝑑𝜌
= 𝐺(𝑇)(1 − 𝜌)
𝑑𝑡

Flow Time Series

𝑑ρ ρ
𝑑𝑡

ρ t

- 23 -
Stability in Systems of Differential Equations

𝑑𝜌
= 𝐺(𝑇)(1 − 𝜌)
𝑑𝑡
𝑑ρ
𝑉 = −න 𝑑𝜌
𝑑𝑡

Flow Time Series Potential

𝑑ρ ρ 𝑉(𝜌)
𝑑𝑡

ρ t ρ

- 24 -
Phase Plots

𝑑𝜌
E1 EC E2 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝜌
=0
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑇
ρ ρ ρ 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑇
=0
𝑑𝑡

T T T

𝑑𝜌 𝑑𝑇
= 𝐺(𝑇)(1 − 𝜌) = 𝐻 𝑇, 𝐸, 𝜌 − 𝐿(𝑇)
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡

- 25 -
Simplifying the Equation

Radiation:

∆𝐸 2ൗ 1ൗ
𝑑𝑇 2 −𝑅𝑇
𝐸0 𝑒 𝜌 3 𝜎𝜀𝐴𝑠 𝑇 4 − 𝑇0 4 𝜌 3 𝑑𝑇
= −
𝑑𝑡 𝜌0 𝑟0 𝐶𝑃 𝜌0 𝑣𝜌𝐶𝑃 𝜌0 𝑑𝑡
1
2 −𝑇 2ൗ3 2ൗ
= 𝐸0 𝑒 𝜌 − 𝑇 4 − 𝑇0 4 𝜌− 3

Convection:

∆𝐸 2ൗ 1ൗ
2 −𝑅𝑇 3 3 𝑑𝑇 1
𝑑𝑇 𝐸0 𝑒 𝜌 ℎ𝐴𝑆 𝑇 − 𝑇0 𝜌 2 −𝑇 2ൗ3 2
= − = 𝐸0 𝑒 𝜌 − 𝑇 − 𝑇0 𝜌− ൗ3
𝑑𝑡 𝜌0 𝑟0 𝐶𝑃 𝜌0 𝑣𝜌𝐶𝑃 𝜌0 𝑑𝑡

Densification:

𝑑𝜌 ∆𝐻
− 𝑘𝑇 𝑑𝜌 −
1
= (1 − 𝜌)𝐺0 𝑒 = (1 − 𝜌) 𝑒 𝑇
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡

- 26 -
System Dynamics and Bifurcation

Since the stable points only happen when ρ=1, we only need to analyse the
behavior of the temperature equation:

For Convection:
𝑑𝑇 𝐿 𝑇 ∝𝑇
= 𝐻 𝑇, 𝐸 − 𝐿(𝑇)
𝑑𝑡 For Radiation:
𝐿 𝑇 ∝ 𝑇4

E1
𝑑𝑇
𝑑𝑡

- 27 -
System Dynamics and Bifurcation

Since the stable points only happen when ρ=1, we only need to analyse the
behavior of the temperature equation:

For Convection:
𝑑𝑇 𝐿 𝑇 ∝𝑇
= 𝐻 𝑇, 𝐸 − 𝐿(𝑇)
𝑑𝑡 For Radiation:
𝐿 𝑇 ∝ 𝑇4

E1 EC
𝑑𝑇 𝑑𝑇
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡

T T

- 28 -
System Dynamics and Bifurcation

Since the stable points only happen when ρ=1, we only need to analyse the
behavior of the temperature equation:

For Convection:
𝑑𝑇 𝐿 𝑇 ∝𝑇
= 𝐻 𝑇, 𝐸 − 𝐿(𝑇)
𝑑𝑡 For Radiation:
𝐿 𝑇 ∝ 𝑇4

E1 EC E2
𝑑𝑇 𝑑𝑇 𝑑𝑇
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡

T T T

- 29 -
System Dynamics and Bifurcation

E1
𝑑𝑇
𝑑𝑡

E1 EC E2
E

- 30 -
System Dynamics and Bifurcation

E1 EC
𝑑𝑇 𝑑𝑇
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡

T T

E1 EC E2
E

- 31 -
System Dynamics and Bifurcation

E1 EC E2
𝑑𝑇 𝑑𝑇 𝑑𝑇
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡

T T T

E1 EC E2
E

- 32 -
The LambertW Function

The LambertW [W(z)] function is the inverse relationship to 𝑧 = 𝑦𝑒 𝑦

𝑦 = 𝑊(𝑧)

The function has two branches and

only has real values if:

1
𝑧≥−
𝑒

Important Property:

𝑧
𝑒 𝑊(𝑧) =
𝑊(𝑧)

- 33 -
Simplifying the Model: Finding the Steady State Points

𝑖𝑓 𝑇 ≫ 𝑇0

For the Radiation Problem:

𝑑𝑇 1
2 −𝑇 2ൗ3 2
= 𝐸0 𝑒 𝜌 − 𝑇 4 𝜌− ൗ3 = 0
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝜌 1
−𝑇
= 1−𝜌 𝑒 =0
𝑑𝑡
ρ
𝜌, 𝑇 = (0,0)

1
𝜌, 𝑇 = 1, − T
1
4𝑊 −
4 𝐸0

- 34 -
Existence of the Steady Points

1
𝜌, 𝑇 = 1, −
1
4𝑊 −
4 𝐸0
1 1 T
− ≥−
4 𝐸0 𝑒
𝑒2
𝐸0 ≥
16

E1 EC E2
E

- 35 -
Existence of the Steady Points

1
𝜌, 𝑇 = 1, −
1
4𝑊 −
4 𝐸0
1 1 T
− ≥−
4 𝐸0 𝑒
𝑒2
𝐸0 ≥
16

E1 EC E2
E

- 36 -
Stability near the Steady Points: The Jacobian

Analogous to the one-dimensional problem, where we check the sign of the second
derivative on the steady point, we can use the eigenvalues of the Jacobian matrix to check if
the vicinity of a steady point is stable or unstable.

𝜕 𝜕𝑇 𝜕 𝜕𝑇 𝜕 𝜕𝑇 𝜕 𝜕𝑇
−𝜆
𝜕𝑇 𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝜌 𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑇 𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝜌 𝜕𝑡
𝐽= 0=
𝜕 𝜕𝜌 𝜕 𝜕𝜌 𝜕 𝜕𝜌 𝜕 𝜕𝜌
−𝜆
𝜕𝑇 𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝜌 𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑇 𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝜌 𝜕𝑡

- 37 -
Stability near the Steady Points: The Jacobian

Analogous to the one-dimensional problem, where we check the sign of the second
derivative on the steady point, we can use the eigenvalues of the Jacobian matrix to check if
the vicinity of a steady point is stable or unstable.

𝜕 𝜕𝑇 𝜕 𝜕𝑇 𝜕 𝜕𝑇 𝜕 𝜕𝑇
−𝜆
𝜕𝑇 𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝜌 𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑇 𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝜌 𝜕𝑡
𝐽= 0=
𝜕 𝜕𝜌 𝜕 𝜕𝜌 𝜕 𝜕𝜌 𝜕 𝜕𝜌
−𝜆
𝜕𝑇 𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝜌 𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑇 𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝜌 𝜕𝑡

𝜆2 − 𝑡𝑟 𝐽 𝜆 + 𝑑𝑒𝑡 𝐽 = 0

𝑡𝑟(𝐽) ± 𝑡𝑟(𝐽)2 − 4det(𝐽)

𝜆1 , 𝜆2 =
2

λ1 and λ2 are the eigenvalues

- 38 -
Stability near the Steady Points: The Jacobian

Analogous to the one-dimensional problem, where we check the sign of the second
derivative on the steady point, we can use the eigenvalues of the Jacobian matrix to check if
the vicinity of a steady point is stable or unstable.

𝜕 𝜕𝑇 𝜕 𝜕𝑇 𝜕 𝜕𝑇 𝜕 𝜕𝑇
−𝜆
𝜕𝑇 𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝜌 𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑇 𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝜌 𝜕𝑡
𝐽= 0=
𝜕 𝜕𝜌 𝜕 𝜕𝜌 𝜕 𝜕𝜌 𝜕 𝜕𝜌
−𝜆
𝜕𝑇 𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝜌 𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑇 𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝜌 𝜕𝑡

𝜆2 − 𝑡𝑟 𝐽 𝜆 + 𝑑𝑒𝑡 𝐽 = 0
Reminder:
𝑎 𝑏
𝐴= 𝑡𝑟(𝐽) ± 𝑡𝑟(𝐽)2 − 4det(𝐽)
𝑐 𝑑
𝜆1 , 𝜆2 =
2
𝑡𝑟 𝐴 = 𝑎 + 𝑑

det 𝐴 = 𝑎𝑑 − 𝑏𝑐 λ1 and λ2 are the eigenvalues

- 39 -
Stability near the Steady Points: The Jacobian

From the characteristic

equation:
det 𝐽 = 𝜆1 𝜆2
𝑡𝑟 𝐽 = 𝜆1 + 𝜆2

- 40 -
Stability near the Steady Points: The Jacobian

From the characteristic

equation:
det 𝐽 = 𝜆1 𝜆2
𝑡𝑟 𝐽 = 𝜆1 + 𝜆2

If λ1 and λ2 have
opposite signals, we
have a saddle

- 41 -
Stability near the Steady Points: The Jacobian

From the characteristic

equation:
det 𝐽 = 𝜆1 𝜆2
𝑡𝑟 𝐽 = 𝜆1 + 𝜆2

If λ1 and λ2 have
opposite signals, we
have a saddle

If λ1 and λ2 are both real

and negative, we have a
sink node

- 42 -
Stability near the Steady Points: The Jacobian

For our Problem:

1
𝜕 𝜕𝑇 𝜕 𝜕𝑇 2 −𝑇 2ൗ3
𝐸0 𝑒 𝜌 2 2 2 −1 −1ൗ 2 5
− 4𝑇 3 𝜌− ൗ3 −𝜆 𝐸0 𝑒 𝑇 𝜌 3 + 𝑇 4 𝜌− ൗ3
𝜕𝑇 𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝜌 𝜕𝑡 𝑇2 3 3
𝐽= 0= 1
𝜕 𝜕𝜌 𝜕 𝜕𝜌 −𝑇
1−𝜌 𝑒 −
1
𝜕𝑇 𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝜌 𝜕𝑡 −𝑒 𝑇 −𝜆
𝑇2
1
On the stable point 𝜌, 𝑇 = 1, −
1
4𝑊 −
4 𝐸0
1 1 1
2+ 3−𝜆 4
1 1 1
16𝑊 − 16𝑊 − 192𝑊 −
4 𝐸0 4 𝐸0 4 𝐸0
0=
1
0 − 4 −𝜆
1
256𝐸0 2 𝑊 −
4 𝐸0

- 43 -
Stability near the Steady Points: The Jacobian

1 1 1
𝜆1 = 2 + 3
𝜆2 = − 4
1 1 1
16𝑊 − 16𝑊 − 256𝐸0 2 𝑊 −
4 𝐸0 4 𝐸0 4 𝐸0

For the W0 branch: For the W-1 branch:

- 44 -
Stability near the Steady Points: The Jacobian

For the W0 branch:

For the W-1 branch:

- 45 -
 System Dynamics and Bifurcation

To include the effect of the Furnace Temperature, we need to introduce a factor in

L(T)

For Convection:
𝑑𝑇 𝐿 𝑇 ∝ 𝑇 − 𝑇0
= 𝐻 𝑇, 𝐸 − 𝐿(𝑇)
𝑑𝑡 For Radiation:
𝐿 𝑇 ∝ 𝑇 4 − 𝑇0 4

E1
𝑑𝑇
𝑑𝑡

- 46 -
 System Dynamics and Bifurcation

To include the effect of the Furnace Temperature, we need to introduce a factor in

L(T)

For Convection:
𝑑𝑇 𝐿 𝑇 ∝ 𝑇 − 𝑇0
= 𝐻 𝑇, 𝐸 − 𝐿(𝑇)
𝑑𝑡 For Radiation:
𝐿 𝑇 ∝ 𝑇 4 − 𝑇0 4

E1 EC1
𝑑𝑇 𝑑𝑇
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡

T T

- 47 -
 System Dynamics and Bifurcation

To include the effect of the Furnace Temperature, we need to introduce a factor in

L(T)

For Convection:
𝑑𝑇 𝐿 𝑇 ∝ 𝑇 − 𝑇0
= 𝐻 𝑇, 𝐸 − 𝐿(𝑇)
𝑑𝑡 For Radiation:
𝐿 𝑇 ∝ 𝑇 4 − 𝑇0 4

E1 EC1 E2
𝑑𝑇 𝑑𝑇 𝑑𝑇
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡

T T T

- 48 -
 System Dynamics and Bifurcation

To include the effect of the Furnace Temperature, we need to introduce a factor in

L(T)

For Convection:
𝑑𝑇 𝐿 𝑇 ∝ 𝑇 − 𝑇0
= 𝐻 𝑇, 𝐸 − 𝐿(𝑇)
𝑑𝑡 For Radiation:
𝐿 𝑇 ∝ 𝑇 4 − 𝑇0 4

E1 EC1 E2 EC2
𝑑𝑇 𝑑𝑇 𝑑𝑇 𝑑𝑇
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡

T T T T

- 49 -
 System Dynamics and Bifurcation

To include the effect of the Furnace Temperature, we need to introduce a factor in

L(T)

For Convection:
𝑑𝑇 𝐿 𝑇 ∝ 𝑇 − 𝑇0
= 𝐻 𝑇, 𝐸 − 𝐿(𝑇)
𝑑𝑡 For Radiation:
𝐿 𝑇 ∝ 𝑇 4 − 𝑇0 4

E1 EC1 E2 EC2 E3
𝑑𝑇 𝑑𝑇 𝑑𝑇 𝑑𝑇 𝑑𝑇
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡

T T T T T

- 50 -
 System Dynamics and Bifurcation

E1
𝑑𝑇
𝑑𝑡

E1 EC1 E2 EC2 E3 E

- 51 -
 System Dynamics and Bifurcation

E1 EC1
𝑑𝑇 𝑑𝑇
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡

T T

E1 EC1 E2 EC2 E3 E

- 52 -
 System Dynamics and Bifurcation

E1 EC1 E2
𝑑𝑇 𝑑𝑇 𝑑𝑇
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡

T T T

E1 EC1 E2 EC2 E3 E

- 53 -
 System Dynamics and Bifurcation

E1 EC1 E2 EC2
𝑑𝑇 𝑑𝑇 𝑑𝑇 𝑑𝑇
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡

T T T T

E1 EC1 E2 EC2 E3 E

- 54 -
 System Dynamics and Bifurcation

E1 EC1 E2 EC2 E3
𝑑𝑇 𝑑𝑇 𝑑𝑇 𝑑𝑇 𝑑𝑇
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡

T T T T T

E1 EC1 E2 EC2 E3 E

- 55 -
System Dynamics and Bifurcation
EC2
𝑑𝑇
𝑑𝑡

T
T

E1 EC1 E2 EC2 E3 E

- 56 -
System Dynamics and Bifurcation
EC2
𝑑𝑇
𝑑𝑡

T
T

FLASH
E3
𝑑𝑇
𝑑𝑡

E1 EC1 E2 EC2 E3 E
T

- 57 -
Complete Model: Finding the Steady State Points

Radiation:
𝑑𝑇 1
2 −𝑇 2ൗ3 2
= 𝐸0 𝑒 𝜌 − 𝑇 4 − 𝑇0 4 𝜌− ൗ3 = 0
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝜌 −
1
= 1−𝜌 𝑒 𝑇 =0
𝑑𝑡

- 58 -
Complete Model: Finding the Steady State Points

Radiation:
𝑑𝑇 1
2 −𝑇 2ൗ3 2
= 𝐸0 𝑒 𝜌 − 𝑇 4 − 𝑇0 4 𝜌− ൗ3 = 0
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝜌 −
1
= 1−𝜌 𝑒 𝑇 =0
𝑑𝑡

FLASH
- 59 -
Surface Fold – Effect of the Furnace Temperature

- 60 -
Model Results – Yttria Stabilized Zirconia

- 61 -
Model Results – Barium Titanate

- 62 -
Important Conclusion from the Model

Since the stable points only happen when ρ=1, we only need
to analyse the behavior of the temperature equation;

Therefore, the onset of flash is only dependant on the

material conductivity and not on the sintering dynamics!

- 63 -
Flash Sintering of Barium Titanate / Zirconia Mixtures

Conventional Sintering Flash Sintering

- 64 -
Thank you for your
attention!

- 65 -