Engineering Materials

ME 213
Mechanical Properties
of Metals
Lecture 3

Engr. Muhammad Imran

Learning Goals.1 – Mech Props
 STRESS and STRAIN:
• What they are and why they are they used
instead of LOAD and DEFORMATION
 ELASTIC Behavior
• How much deformation occurs when Loads
are SMALL?
• Which materials deform least
Learning Goals.2 – Mech Props
 PLASTIC Behavior
• Determine the point at which Dislocations
cause PERMANENT deformation
• Which materials are most resistant to
Permanent Deformation
 TOUGHNESS and DUCTILITY
• What they are
• How to Measure them
Properties of Solid Materials
 Mechanical: Characteristics of
materials displayed when forces and/or
torques are applied to them.
 Physical: Characteristics of materials
that relate to the interaction of materials
with various forms of energy.
 Chemical: Material characteristics that
relate to the structure of a material.
 Dimensional: Size, shape, and finish
 Material Properties
Chemical Physical Mechanical Dimensional

Composition Melting Point Tensile properties Standard Shapes

Microstructure Thermal Toughness Standard Sizes
Phases Magnetic Ductility Surface Texture
Grain Size Electrical Fatigue Stability
Corrosion Optical Hardness Mfg. Tolerances
Crystallinity Acoustic Creep
Molecular Weight Gravimetric Compression
Flammability
Recall ELASTIC Deformation
 Apply/Remove a SMALL Force-Load to a Specimen
1. Initial 2. SMALL load 3. Unload

bonds
stretch
return to
initial
d
• F  Force Load F Linear- ELASTIC means
(lb or N) F elastic REVERSIBLE
• d  Deformation in Non-Linear-
Response to the elastic
Load (in or m) d
 Recall PLASTIC Deformation
 Apply/Remove a LARGE Force Load to a Specimen
1. Initial 2. LARGE load 3. Unload
bonds
stretch Planes
& planes Still
shear Sheared

dplastic
delastic+plastic
F
PLASTIC means
PERMANENT F linear linear
elastic elastic
d
dplastic
Plastic Deformation -
 Simple Tension Test (Temperature <Tmelt/3)

Elastic+Plastic
Tensile at larger stress
Stress,

Elastic
initially Elastic Recovery

permanent (plastic)
after load is removed

P engineering strain, 

plastic strain
 YIELD Strength, y
 Define YIELD Strength as the Stress at Which
NOTICEABLE Plastic Deformation Occurs
• Define NOTICEABLE as 0.2% → P = 0.002 (0.2%)
 A yield strength or
yield point of a y

tensile stress, 
material is defined in
engineering and
materials science as
the stress at which a
material begins to
deform plastically engineering strain, 
P = 0.002
 TENSILE/ULTIMATE Strength
 Define TENSILE/ULTIMATE Strength (TS/σu)
as the MAX-σ Point on the σ-ε Curve
• Metals: occurs when
TS noticeable
NECKING starts
engineering stress

y • Ceramics: occurs when

CRACK PROPAGATION
starts
• Polymers: occurs when
POLYMER BACKBONES
are aligned and about to
break
engineering strain
This is the maximum stress that a material can withstand while being
stretched or pulled before failing or breaking.
 Ductility → Strain at Fracture
 At Tensile Fracture Define Ductility
in Terms of ELONGATION
smaller %EL
Engineering (brittle if %EL<5%)
tensile
stress,  Larger %EL Ao
Lo Af Lf
(ductile if
%EL>5%)

Engineering tensile strain, 

 Plastic Strain At L f  Lo
Tensile Failure % EL  100
Lo
Ductility is a solid material's ability to deform under tensile stress; this is
often characterized by the material's ability to be stretched into a wire
 Ductility → Strain at Fracture
 Alternative Definition  Note: %RA and %EL
is Reduction of Area Tend to Be Quite
Comparable
• Reason: crystal slip
Ao
Lo Af Lf does not change
material VOLUME.
• %RA < %EL possible
if internal voids form
 RA Ductility in neck.
Ao  A f • %EL is More
% RA  100 Common Than
Ao %RA
Malleability, a similar property, is a material's ability to deform under compressive stress; this is
often characterized by the material's ability to form a thin sheet by hammering or rolling.
Desirable Mechanical Properties
 Without  σy, is the Mechanical
Considering Such DESIGN
Factors Cost, PARAMETER, not
Weight, Weldability, The Ultimate
etc., The Typically Strength
Desired • YIELDING
Combination of permanently deforms
Strength and (bends) Structures;
Ductility typically rendering
them NON-functional
• HIGH σy
• HIGH %EL
 Resilience → Energy Storage
 Consider the σ·ε  Next Consider the
Product σ-ε Curve in the
F dL F  dL Elastic Range
   
A L A L
 Now dU 
• F•δL has Units of
ENERGY (J)   d
• A•L has Units of
Volume (cu-m)
dε
 Let U → J/m3
Ability of a material to absorb energy when it is deformed elastically,
and release that energy upon unloading.
 Toughness
 An Extension of RESILIENCE Beyond the
Elastic Range to Plastic-Flow & Fracture
 A Measure of the TOTAL Energy-per-Vol
Absorbance Capability of a Material
•  to the Total Plastic-Def. Area under the σ-ε curve
smaller toughness (ceramics)
, Engineering
Tensile Stress

larger toughness
(metals, some composites)

smaller toughness-
unreinforced
polymers

Engineering tensile strain, 

Ability of a material to absorb energy and plastically deform without fractu
Plastic Behavior → -
Stress True Stress - Strain
Curve
Fracture

Ultimate Tensile Strength

Engineering
Stress - Strain
Curve
Fracture

Strain

Typical Metal
Typ. Work-Hardening Parameters
 For Most Metals, True Stress Increases
in the Plastic Range (not ElastoPlastic)
• The Material “Hardens” as it is WORKED
Note : Log (1)  0  yintercept  K
Log(true stress, T) MPa

K
fracture

 T , plas  K  
n
T , plas
n  slope

necking

0.0010 0.010 0.10 1.0

Log (true plastic strain, T)
 Strain-Hardening
 K  Work-Hardening Prefactor in MPa or Ksi
 n  Work-Hardening Exponent (unitless)

Material Yield Stress Ultimate Elastic K n

(MPa) Stress (MPa) Modulus (MPa)
(MPa)
1020 Steel 300 420 207000 530 0.26
4340 Steel 400 600 207000 640 0.15
2024 Al Alloy 350 400 72000 690 0.16
304 Stainless Steel 210 550 185000 1275 0.45
70/30 Brass 75 300 110000 900 0.49

Work hardening, also known as strain hardening or cold

working, is the strengthening of a metal by plastic deformation
Elastic Recovery
 When a material is
released prior to
fracture:
• Some of the total
energy is stored
elastically
• Some is absorbed by
the plastic
deformation
 The elastic energy will
• The plastic be recovered once the
deformation energy
represents the lattice material is released
strains. • i.e., the material
will unstretch
Elastic Recovery cont.
 To determine the
amount that the
material recovers:
1. draw a line
PARALLEL to the
elastic modulus line
that goes back to 3
the strain axis 1
Elastic
2. The difference in Energy, Ur
strains provides the
recovered length
3. The area under this 2
line is the
recovered energy
Hardness
 Short Definition = Resistance to
Penetration
 Metals HandBook
"Resistance of metal to plastic deformation, usually by
indentation. However, the term may also refer to
stiffness or temper, or to resistance to scratching,
abrasion, or cutting. It is the property of a metal, which
gives it the ability to resist being permanently, deformed
(bent, broken, or have its shape changed), when a load
is applied. The greater the hardness of the metal, the
greater resistance it has to deformation.
Hardness, cont.
Hardness is a measure of how resistant
solid matter is to various kinds of permanent
shape change when a compressive force is
applied. Macroscopic hardness is generally
characterized by strong intermolecular
bonds, but the behavior of solid materials
under force is complex; therefore, there are
different measurements of hardness: scratch
hardness, indentation hardness, and
rebound hardness.
Hardness, cont.
 Hardness  Resistance to Plastic Indentation
 LARGE Hardness Indicates Properties:
• Resistance to plastic deformation or cracking
when loaded in COMPRESSION
• Better Wear Resistance
apply known force measure size
e.g., (1 to 1000 kg) of indent after
10mm sphere removing load

Smaller indents
D d mean larger
hardness

most brasses easy to machine cutting nitrided

plastics Al alloys steels file hard tools steels diamond

increasing hardness
Elastic Strain RECOVERY
 When a Post-
Yield Load is
Removed the
Parallel Material
Lines Recovers along
a Line
Ur PARALLEL to
the initial
ELASTIC
extension Line