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Ashok Kumar

Abhishek Bhat
University of Toledo
Sept. 21, 2009
 Defined as the weather conditions averaged
over some period of time, the seasonal
distribution, and the extremes in weather for
a place.

 Climate: Normals, means, and extremes of


different weather elements.

 Extremes: coldest, warmest, driest, wettest,


snowiest, or cloudiest month or year.
 Climatic controls include latitude, elevation,
topography, presence of water bodies, and
atmospheric circulation.

 Climate norms are computed over a 30-year


period since 1933. They are adjusted after
every decade.

 Air mass climatology is also used to describe


climate.
 By altering the radiational properties of the
earth’s surface (e.g.: albedo)

 By releasing waste heat into the atmosphere

 By changing the concentrations of certain key


gaseous or aerosol components of the
atmosphere
 Measures of Climate Change

 Greenhouse Effect and Greenhouse Gases

 Global Climate Change Models


 Average Temperature

 Precipitation

 Wind

 Glaciations

 Frequency of Extreme Events


 Determination of Past Global Temperatures

◦ Historical documentation
◦ Tree rings
◦ Changes in ice volume
◦ Changes in sea volume
◦ Fossil pollen analysis
◦ Geologic observation related to glacial movement
Index Severity
-2 Moderate Drought
-3 Sever Drought
-4 Extreme Drought
2 Moderate Rainfall
3 Sever Rainfall
 The greenhouse
effect
◦ Continuous warming
◦ O.5 – 0.7 0c warming
 Greenhouse gases
◦ Carbon Dioxide
◦ Methane
◦ Nitrous Oxide
◦ CFC
◦ Water Vapor
Contaminants Approximate Residence Time

CO2 15 yr
CH4 10 yr
N 2O 150 yr
CO 65 days
CFC 11 65 yr
CO2 Emissions Global CO2 Emissions
Global Methane
Methane Measures
Emissions
N2O Concentration N2O sources
CFC Source Distribution CFC Source Distribution
CFC-11 Concentration CFC-12 Concentration
 General Circulation Models (GCMs) are a class
of computer-driven models for weather
forecasting, understanding climate and
projecting climate change, where they are
commonly called Global Climate Models.
 Different Types of Models
◦ Simple General Circulation Model (SGCM)
◦ Atmospheric GCM
◦ Oceanic GCM
◦ Coupled Atmospheric-Oceanic GCM
Model Projections Model Accuracy
 CO2 Emission Calculation:
CO2 = (Pi)*(Foi)*Ci
 P: Amount of fuel
 FO : Fraction oxidized
 C : Average carbon content
 i: Particular fuel type
 Change in radiative forcing:
For CO2

ΔFCO2 = K3 ln [(co2)/(co2)0]
 K3 : 6.3 (W/m2)
 Surface temperature change:
ΔTs = ΔF * λ
 ΔTs: Surface temperature
 ΔF: Radiative forcing
 λ: Climate sensitivity factor (0.57 in 0C/W/m2)
Global Warming
Model Performance
Projection
 IPCC, 2007: Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working
Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate
Change [Solomon, S., D. Qin, M. Manning, Z. Chen, M. Marquis, K.B. Averyt, M. Tignor
and H.L. Miller (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New
York, NY, USA, 996 pp.
 IPCC, 2007: Climate Change 2007: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution
of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on
Climate Change, M.L. Parry, O.F. Canziani, J.P. Palutikof, P.J. van der Linden and C.E.
Hanson, Eds., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 976pp.
 IPCC, 2007: Climate Change 2007: Mitigation. Contribution of Working Group III to the
Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [B. Metz,
O.R. Davidson, P.R. Bosch, R. Dave, L.A. Meyer (eds)], Cambridge University Press,
Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA., XXX pp.
 IPCC, 2007: Climate Change 2007: Synthesis Report. Contribution of Working Groups I,
II and III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate
Change [Core Writing Team, Pachauri, R.K and Reisinger, A.(eds.)]. IPCC, Geneva,
Switzerland, 104 pp.
 Climate Change, Retrieved November 24th, 2008. Web site: http://www.wikipedia.com
 Global Warming , Retrieved November 24th, 2008. Web site: http://www.wikipedia.com
 Greenhouse Effect , Retrieved November 24th, 2008. Web site: http://www.wikipedia.com
 Atmospheric Cleansing and Current Air Pollution Issues, Retrieved November 24th, 2008.
Web site: http://www.eng.utoledo.edu/~akumar/IAP1/mainpage.htm

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