Roll.no – 15001005001 (Chemical Engineering) Contents • Applications of Oil and Natural gases • Formation of Oil and gases • Drilling • Types of Drilling • Casings • Safety Precautions Applications of Oil and Gases • Oil and gas are used widely in modern life. • Oil fuels the cars, trucks and planes that underpin modern economies and lifestyles. • By-products from oil refining are used in the production of plastics and chemicals, as well as many lubricants, waxes, tars and asphalts. Nearly all pesticides and many fertilisers are made from oil or oil byproducts. • Gas provides electricity and is also used for cooking, heating houses and buildings, and heating water. • It is also important for fuelling many industrial operations, including glass and steel foundries, aluminium or nickel smelters, and many manufacturing industries. Gas is used in producing fertilisers and a wide range of industrial products, including plastics and polymers, textiles and paints and dyes. • It can also be used in the form of compressed natural gas (CNG) or liquefied natural gas (LNG) as a transportation fuel. Formation of Oil and Coal • Stage 1 - All of the oil and gas we use today began as microscopic plants and animals living in the ocean millions of years ago. As these microscopic plants and animals lived, they absorbed energy from the sun, which was stored as carbon molecules in their bodies. When they died, they sank to the bottom of the sea. Over millions of years, layer after layer of sediment and other plants and bacteria were formed. • Stage 2 - As they became buried ever deeper, heat and pressure began to rise. The amount of pressure and the degree of heat, along with the type of biomass, determined if the material became oil or natural gas. More heat produced lighter oil. Even higher heat or biomass made predominantly of plant material produced natural gas. • Stage 3 - After oil and natural gas were formed, they tended to migrate through tiny pores in the surrounding rock. Some oil and natural gas migrated all the way to the surface and escaped. Other oil and natural gas deposits migrated until they were caught under impermeable layers of rock or clay where they were trapped. These trapped deposits are where we find oil and natural gas today. Drilling Drilling is a process whereby a hole is bored using a drill bit to create a well for oil and natural gas production. The process of drilling involves following important steps : • Boring - a drill bit and pipe are used to create a hole vertically into the ground. Sometimes, drilling operations cannot be completed directly above an oil or gas reservoir, for example, when reserves are situated under residential areas. Fortunately, a process called directional drilling can be done to bore a well at an angle. This process is done by boring a vertical well and then angling it towards the reservoir. • Circulation - drilling mud is circulated into the hole and back to the surface for various functions including the removal of rock cuttings from the hole and the maintenance of working temperatures and pressures. • Casing - once the hole is at the desired depth, the well requires a cement casing to prevent collapse. • Completion - after a well has been cased, it needs to be readied for production. Small holes called perforations are made in the portion of the casing which passed through the production zone, to provide a path for the oil or gas to flow. • Production - this is the phase of the well's life where it actually produces oil and or gas. • Abandonment - when a well has reached the end of its useful life (this is usually determined by economics), it is plugged and abandoned to protect the surrounding environment. Types of Drilling OFF-Shore ON-Shore • offshore drilling relates to • onshore drilling refers to drilling underneath the drilling deep holes under seabed. the earth's surface. • Offshore drilling is • On shore drilling is cheaper expensive than onshore. then offshore. Casing Casing is large diameter pipe that is assembled and inserted into a recently drilled section of a borehole. Similar to the bones of a spine protecting the spinal cord, casing is set inside the drilled borehole to protect and support the well stream. The lower portion (and sometimes the entirety) is typically held in place with cement. Deeper strings usually are not cemented all the way to the surface, so the weight of the pipe must be partially supported by a casing hanger in the wellhead. Purpose of casing: • Prevents contamination of fresh water well zones. • Prevents unstable upper formations from caving in and sticking the drill string or forming large caverns. • Provides a strong upper foundation to allow use of high-density drilling fluid to continue drilling deeper. • Isolates various zones, which may have different pressures or fluids, in the drilled formations from one another. • Seals off high pressure zones from the surface, minimizing potential for a blowout • Prevents fluid loss into or contamination of production zones. • Provides a smooth internal bore for installing production equipment. Cementing Cementing is performed by circulating a cement slurry through the inside of the casing and out into the annulus through the casing shoe at the bottom of the casing string. In order to precisely place the cement slurry at a required interval on the outside of the casing, a plug is pumped with a displacement fluid behind the cement slurry column, which "bumps" in the casing shoe and prevents further flow of fluid through the shoe. This bump can be seen at surface as a pressure spike at the cement pump. To prevent the cement from flowing back into the inside of the casing, a float collar above the casing shoe acts as a check valve and prevents fluid from flowing up through the shoe from the annulus. Safety Precautions taken during drilling of oil: 1. Protect the machines It may seem counter-intuitive for rule #1 be about the protection of machines instead of humans. But the truth of living and working on an oil rig hundreds of miles from the nearest trace of human civilization, one that can only be accessed and exited via helicopter, is that machines are your lifeline. Aside from your colleagues, machines are your best friends. If you treat them badly, they will treat you badly in return.
2. Always use reliable lighting
Another thing about living at sea is that it’s often very dark – anytime a storm hits, anytime the sun goes down, anytime a light goes out inside. It can get dark quickly, and in an environment like an oil rig, where even the smallest feeling of claustrophobia can be exacerbated, darkness makes users more prone to accidents.
3. Keep work surfaces slip-proof
This is an especially big challenge, considering that you’re surrounded by nothing but water. Still, keeping work surfaces dry and slip-proof is not only manageable, but actually very easy. 4. Have enough repair and safety tool boxes everywhere There’s no such thing as too many repair boxes, safety boxes, and first aid boxes around a rig. All industrial sites need them, but for obvious reasons, sea rigs need them most of all. Electrical parts, handling aids, plumbing, hand tools, power tools, welding gear — whatever is in short supply, get more of it. You’re working on a multibillion dollar platform, after all – requisitioning more than what you need is a smart thing to do.
5. Have an emergency response plan (and drill it into your heart)
Perhaps the most obvious and the most overlooked of these 5 safety procedures, a smart, strategic emergency response plan isn’t as simple as drawing one up and never practicing it. You should develop a plan based on the workflow on the rig, which will differ depending on the group, the rig, and even the weather. THANKYOU
Fundamentals of Petroleum Engineering WELL COMPLETION AND STIMULATION Mohd Fauzi Hamid Wan Rosli Wan Sulaiman Department of Petroleum Engineering Faculty of Petroleum & Renewable Engin