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Presentation on Oil Drilling

Name – Ajay Narwal


Roll.no – 15001005001
(Chemical Engineering)
Contents
• Applications of Oil and Natural gases
• Formation of Oil and gases
• Drilling
• Types of Drilling
• Casings
• Safety Precautions
Applications of Oil and Gases
• Oil and gas are used widely in modern life.
• Oil fuels the cars, trucks and planes that underpin modern
economies and lifestyles.
• By-products from oil refining are used in the production of plastics
and chemicals, as well as many lubricants, waxes, tars and asphalts.
Nearly all pesticides and many fertilisers are made from oil or oil
byproducts.
• Gas provides electricity and is also used for cooking, heating houses
and buildings, and heating water.
• It is also important for fuelling many industrial operations, including
glass and steel foundries, aluminium or nickel smelters, and many
manufacturing industries. Gas is used in producing fertilisers and a
wide range of industrial products, including plastics and polymers,
textiles and paints and dyes.
• It can also be used in the form of compressed natural gas (CNG) or
liquefied natural gas (LNG) as a transportation fuel.
Formation of Oil and Coal
• Stage 1 - All of the oil and gas we use today began as microscopic plants
and animals living in the ocean millions of years ago. As these microscopic
plants and animals lived, they absorbed energy from the sun, which was
stored as carbon molecules in their bodies. When they died, they sank to
the bottom of the sea. Over millions of years, layer after layer of sediment
and other plants and bacteria were formed.
• Stage 2 - As they became buried ever deeper, heat and pressure began to
rise. The amount of pressure and the degree of heat, along with the type
of biomass, determined if the material became oil or natural gas. More
heat produced lighter oil. Even higher heat or biomass made
predominantly of plant material produced natural gas.
• Stage 3 - After oil and natural gas were formed, they tended to migrate
through tiny pores in the surrounding rock. Some oil and natural gas
migrated all the way to the surface and escaped. Other oil and natural gas
deposits migrated until they were caught under impermeable layers of
rock or clay where they were trapped. These trapped deposits are where
we find oil and natural gas today.
Drilling
Drilling is a process
whereby a hole is
bored using a drill
bit to create a well
for oil and natural
gas production.
The process of drilling involves
following important steps :
• Boring - a drill bit and pipe are used to create a hole vertically into the ground. ​Sometimes,
drilling operations cannot be completed directly above an oil or gas reservoir, for example,
when reserves are situated under residential areas. Fortunately, a process called directional
drilling can be done to bore a well at an angle. This process is done by boring a vertical
well and then angling it towards the reservoir.
• Circulation - drilling mud is circulated into the hole and back to the surface for various
functions including the removal of rock cuttings from the hole and the maintenance of
working temperatures and pressures.
• Casing - once the hole is at the desired depth, the well requires a cement casing to prevent
collapse.
• Completion - after a well has been cased, it needs to be readied for production. Small holes
called perforations are made in the portion of the casing which passed through the
production zone, to provide a path for the oil or gas to flow.
• Production - this is the phase of the well's life where it actually produces oil and or gas.
• Abandonment - when a well has reached the end of its useful life (this is usually determined
by economics), it is plugged and abandoned to protect the surrounding environment.
Types of Drilling
OFF-Shore ON-Shore
• offshore drilling relates to • onshore drilling refers to
drilling underneath the drilling deep holes under
seabed. the earth's surface.
• Offshore drilling is • On shore drilling is cheaper
expensive than onshore. then offshore.
Casing
Casing is large diameter pipe that is assembled and
inserted into a recently drilled section of a borehole.
Similar to the bones of a spine protecting the spinal
cord, casing is set inside the drilled borehole to
protect and support the well stream. The lower
portion (and sometimes the entirety) is typically held
in place with cement. Deeper strings usually are not
cemented all the way to the surface, so the weight of
the pipe must be partially supported by a casing
hanger in the wellhead.
Purpose of casing:
• Prevents contamination of fresh water well zones.
• Prevents unstable upper formations from caving
in and sticking the drill string or forming large
caverns.
• Provides a strong upper foundation to allow use
of high-density drilling fluid to continue drilling
deeper.
• Isolates various zones, which may have different
pressures or fluids, in the drilled formations from
one another.
• Seals off high pressure zones from the surface,
minimizing potential for a blowout
• Prevents fluid loss into or contamination of
production zones.
• Provides a smooth internal bore for installing
production equipment.
Cementing
Cementing is performed by circulating a
cement slurry through the inside of the
casing and out into the annulus through
the casing shoe at the bottom of the casing
string. In order to precisely place the cement
slurry at a required interval on the outside
of the casing, a plug is pumped with a
displacement fluid behind the cement slurry
column, which "bumps" in the casing shoe and
prevents further flow of fluid through the shoe.
This bump can be seen at surface as a pressure
spike at the cement pump. To prevent the cement
from flowing back into the inside of the casing, a
float collar above the casing shoe acts as a check
valve and prevents fluid from flowing up through the
shoe from the annulus.
Safety Precautions taken during drilling
of oil:
1. Protect the machines
It may seem counter-intuitive for rule #1 be about the protection of machines instead of
humans.
But the truth of living and working on an oil rig hundreds of miles from the nearest trace of
human civilization, one that can only be accessed and exited via helicopter, is that
machines are your lifeline. Aside from your colleagues, machines are your best friends. If
you treat them badly, they will treat you badly in return.

2. Always use reliable lighting


Another thing about living at sea is that it’s often very dark – anytime a storm hits, anytime
the sun goes down, anytime a light goes out inside. It can get dark quickly, and in an
environment like an oil rig, where even the smallest feeling of claustrophobia can be
exacerbated, darkness makes users more prone to accidents.

3. Keep work surfaces slip-proof


This is an especially big challenge, considering that you’re surrounded by nothing but
water. Still, keeping work surfaces dry and slip-proof is not only manageable, but actually
very easy.
4. Have enough repair and safety tool boxes everywhere
There’s no such thing as too many repair boxes, safety boxes, and first aid boxes around a rig.
All industrial sites need them, but for obvious reasons, sea rigs need them most of all.
Electrical parts, handling aids, plumbing, hand tools, power tools, welding gear — whatever
is in short supply, get more of it. You’re working on a multibillion dollar platform, after all –
requisitioning more than what you need is a smart thing to do.

5. Have an emergency response plan (and drill it into your heart)


Perhaps the most obvious and the most overlooked of these 5 safety procedures, a smart,
strategic emergency response plan isn’t as simple as drawing one up and never practicing it.
You should develop a plan based on the workflow on the rig, which will differ depending on
the group, the rig, and even the weather.
THANKYOU

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