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High-Rate Water Packs, FracPacs

and Formation Responses

Approved by the Stimulation/Sand Control


HalWorld Review Team for
Halliburton Energy Services

1 4/18/2019
Presentation Outline

• Formation Treatments • Friction


– What are we doing? • ISIP
– Skin Factor – Determining ISIP
– FracPac
• Circulation Test
– HRWP
– Matrix Acidizing • Formation Responses
during HRWP and Frac
• Calculations Pacs
– Fracture Pressure
– Fracture Gradient
– Step Rate Test Analysis
– Pmax
– Well Head Treating
Pressure
2 4/18/2019
Permeability Defined

• The ability of oil, gas and other fluids to flow


through a porous media or the formation.
• The higher the permeability, the easier it is for
the fluid to flow though the formation.
• Permeability is measured in darcies,
millidarcies (md)
• For the Gulf Coast
– <30 md = Low permeability
– 30 to 150 md = moderate permeability
– >150 md= high permeability

3 4/18/2019
Gravel Pack Sand Permeability
Industry accepted values

• 20/40 Sand 120 darcies


• 40/60 Sand 45 darcies
• 50/70 Sand 20 darcies

One millidarcy is 1/1000th of a darcy

4 4/18/2019
Skin Factor, or “Skin” Defined
• A numerical ratio, expressing existing
production rate compared to theoretical
production from an undamaged formation.
• Used as an assessment of near-wellbore
damage due to incompatible fluids, fines
migration, unbroken fracturing gels, and
proppant crushing and imbedment.
• Skin factor of “0” equates to an undamaged
formation.
• A negative skin factor indicates a stimulated
formation.
• A positive skin factor indicates a damaged
formation. 5 4/18/2019
Formation Damage

• Ideal Formation • What we usually get

100 md reservoir 100 md reservoir


2 md damage

6 4/18/2019
FracPac
• FracPac is an established method of
increasing production by creating a sand
filled fracture through the damaged reservoir,
connecting the wellbore to the undamaged
reservoir.

100 md reservoir

2 md damage

>1000 md

7 4/18/2019
What is a High-Rate Water Pack?
• Stimulation/packing treatments employing
brines or low to medium viscosity carrier
fluids, pumped at high rates, to place sand
into the perforation tunnels and small created
fractures.
• 1) High Rate Water Pac - Treatment stays under
formation fracture pressure, and only fills the
perforations tunnels.

• 2) High Rate Water Frac - Treatment exceeds fracture


pressure filling the perforations tunnels and also
creating and packing small fractures (1’-3’ long narrow
fractures)

8 4/18/2019
FracPac

2 md damage
100 md reservoir
>1000 md

High-rate Water Pack


2 md damage

100 md reservoir

Perforations

High-rate Water Frac


2 md damage

100 md reservoir

Perforations

9 4/18/2019
HRWP & FracPac Tools

• The HRWP and FracPac Tool String consist of


a standard gravel pack tool string modified
for the pressures and flow paths desired.
• The Blank Pipe and Gravel Pack Extensions
are typically made of a stronger material to
resist the high sandout pressures.
• The MPT crossover has been modified to
accept the high rates and pressures which
occur during the treatment.

10 4/18/2019
HRWP & FracPac Tools

• Monitoring the backside pressures to


determine BHTP requires a weeping reverse
ball check or an Activated Ball Check that is
forced on the seat prior to reversing out
excess slurry.
• A Best Practice Guideline has been written
and distributed as Technology Bulletin No.
SME-96-001 - “Guidelines for FracPacSM
Downhole Equipment and Related
Procedures”

11 4/18/2019
MPT-Tool
Set Packer
Setting Ball
Gravel Packer

Crossover or Closing sleeve

Production Screen

Sump Packer

12 CN03178 4/18/2019
Squeeze Position
Multi-Position Service Tool

Gravel Packer
Crossover or Closing Sleeve

Production Screen

Sump Packer

13 4/18/2019
CN00801
Considerations for
Matrix Acidizing
• If damage is not deep, it is possible to remove
the damage with acid.
• The damage must be acid soluble. Sandstone
2000 acids will dissolve clay and mud filtrate
damage.
• HCl will remove carbonate and some scale
damage
• NEVER pump HF acid into a producing
formation without an HCL preflush.
• An acid job is sometimes done before a
HRWP, especially if the pressure is not going
to exceed fracture pressure (matrix rates). 4/18/2019
14
How is a Fracture Formed?
• Fluid is pumped into the formation at rates in
excess of the ability of the formation matrix to
accept the fluid.
• Fluid pressure increases until it exceeds the tensile
strength of the formation.
• A crack is formed in the formation.
• Fluid carries proppant such as sand, into the
fracture
• When pumps are shut down the pressure bleeds off
to the formation.
• The induced fracture closes on the propping agent,
leaving highly permeable channels through which
oil or gas can flow to the wellbore.
15 4/18/2019
Tubing Pressure (psi) A Annulus Pressure (psi) A Slurry Rate (bpm) B
A B Prop Conc (lb/gal) C BH Prop Conc (lb/gal) C C
6000 20 50

18 45

5000
16 40

14 35
4000

12 30

3000 10 25

8 20

2000
6 15

4 10
1000

2 5

0 0 0
00:00 00:10 00:20 00:30 00:40 00:50 01:00
Time
16 4/18/2019
Customer: Shell Job Date: Ticket #:
Fracture Pressure Calculation

• Fracture Pressure is the Bottom Hole Pressure at which


a formation fracture begin to opens.
• Fracture Extension Pressure is the pressure necessary
to hold open and to extend the fracture.
– It is normally lower than the Fracture Pressure.

Frac Press. = Frac Gradient x TVDat mid-perf.


– An Estimate of Frac Gradient may be given by the customer.

– Can also be determined by the step-rate test. An average


number for the Louisiana Gulf Coast is .75 psi/ft

17 4/18/2019
Step Rate Test
What is it, and why is it performed?

• A Step Rate Test is performed by injecting the


base treating fluid into the formation at
increasing rates to learn more about
formation fluid acceptance.
• Indicates what rate and pressure that a
fracture is created or formation separation
begins.
• Can indicate if there are any near-wellbore
problems such as high tortuosity or high
perforation friction.
Tortuosity occurs when the perforations are in a different
direction than the fracture in the reservoir, causing the
fracture to have to twist at the wellbore.
18 4/18/2019
Step Rate Tests
(Tips)

• Try to let tubing and annulus pressure level


off at each rate.
This may not always be possible, especially at low
pump rates or in high permeability formations.

• It is better to use the live annulus pressure


than the tubing pressure during analysis
because of friction pressure. The difference
between the tubing pressure and live annulus
pressure is the friction pressure in the tubing,
if the fluids inside and outside the tubing are
the same density. 19 4/18/2019
S te p Ra te Te s t
Tubing Pressure (psi) A Annulus Pressure (psi) D
A B Slurry Rate (bpm) B Slurry Density (lb/gal) B D
7000 10 3000

6300 9 2700

5600 8 2400

4900 7 2100

4200 6 1800

3500 5 1500

2800 4 1200

2100 3 900

1400 2 600

700 1 300

0 0 0
19:05 19:10 19:15 19:20
Time
Customer: Vastar Resources, Inc. Job Date: 2/5/98 Ticket #: 150363
20 4/18/2019
StimWinH v3.1.4
Well Description: E13 ST1 11-Feb-98 14:20
Step Rate Test Analysis
6,000

Rate Ptbg Pann Tubing Pressure


5,000
(bpm) (psi) (psi)
1.1 750 650
4,000 2.1 1,190 900
3.2 1,850 1,175 Fracture Extension Pressure
4.2 2,500 1,250 is determined at the Intersection
3,000 6.0 4,080 1,430
Pressure

7.5 5,750 1,500 Draw line parallel to


slope at this point
2,000
~1350 psi
1,000
Draw line parallel to Bottom Hole Treating Pressure
slope at this point
0

0.0 2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0

Rate21 4/18/2019
P max Calculations
(Maximum Pressure which the Tools can Stand)

• P max = 80% of weakest link of BHA- Hydrostatic


Pressure + Reservoir Press.

– P max calculates the water hammer effect upon sandout in the


blank pipe
– Reservoir Pressure should be obtained from perforating gauge
data if possible.
– Hydrostatic pressure needs to be calculated with the worst case
density. Normally this is the sand laden fluid, but in wells with
heavy completion fluid this may not be true.
– A rule-of-thumb which has been used in the G.O.M. is that in 2-
7/8” tubing or smaller, if P max is too low to pump the job
properly; i.e., the downhole equipment will not withstand the
water hammer effect, 50% of the friction pressure can be added
to P max . However the decision and amount of pressure must be
determined by a Halliburton Engineer. Call Service Coordinator
to set this up.

22 4/18/2019
Well Head Treating Pressure
“WHTP”
• WHTP is the actual pressure at the surface
during treatment.
• WHTP = BHTP - Hydrostatic PSI + friction
• For Fracture initiation
WHTP = Frac Press - Hydrostatic press + friction press.
• Friction Pressure is obtained from the friction
pump test.

23 4/18/2019
Friction Pump Test
(Tips)
• In reverse position establish rates ranging
from 1 bpm or less to over job design rate.
• The difference between the tubing pressure
and the live annulus pressure will give a value
for the tubing friction pressure assuming that
the same density fluid is in the tubing and the
annulus. This calculation IGNORES annular
friction and assumes that the treating fluid is
used in this pump test.

24 4/18/2019
Reverse Position
Multi-Position Service Tool

Gravel Packer
Crossover or Closing sleeve

Blank Pipe

Production Screen

Sump Packer

25 4/18/2019
CN00802
Determining Frac Gradient
Using ISIP
• Frac Grad = ISIP + Hydrostatic pressure
TVD
– If frac gradient is not available it can be determined by this
formula.
– ISIP can be determined when you shut down at the end of
an injection which creates a fracture.
– ISIP = pressure reading immediately following shutdown.
This reading should be taken within a few seconds of the
end of pumping, and may vary depending the volume of
fluid pumped at the time of shut-down. Typically an ISIP
taken early in a treatment will be lower than an ISIP taken
later in a treatment.

4/18/2019
What is ISIP?

– Instantaneous Shut In Pressure


– It is the pressure reading obtained after shutting
down pumps when injecting into the formation. A
fracture must be created by the injection, and the
pressure reading must be taken immediately after
friction pressure and water hammer have
dissipated. In many cases, this pressure must be
an extrapolation of the pressure bleed-off back
past any water hammer or near-wellbore friction
pressure, to the end of injection.

4/18/2019
To determine ISIP, extend the straight line portion of the
pressure bleed off (heavy green line) back to where it crosses
a vertical line (heavy black line) drawn up from where the
rate goes to 0 bpm.

28 4/18/2019
Circulation Test
• Circulation tests are performed for the
following reasons
– Check fluid loss to the formation
– Check tool flow paths
– If an acid job is pumped, a circulation test before
and after can indicate how effective the treatment
was.

29 4/18/2019
Circulate Position
Multi-Position Service Tool

Gravel Packer
Crossover or Closing Sleeve

Production Screen

Perma-Series Sump Packer

30 4/18/2019
CN00799
Formation Responses

• The following charts are examples from


fractures treatments performed during
FracPac’s and HRWP’s

31 4/18/2019
Tubing Pressure (psi) A Annulus Pressure (psi) A Slurry Rate (bpm) B
A Surface Proppant Conc (lb/gal) B Bottomhole Proppant Conc (lb/gal) B B
6000 40

5400 High Perm Frac 36


+/- 800 md
4800 32

4200 28

3600 24

3000 20

2400 16

1800 12

1200 8

600 4

0 0
18:00 18:05 18:10 18:15 18:20 18:25 18:30
Time
32 4/18/2019
Customer: Job Date: Ticket #:
Tubing Pressure (psi) A Annulus Pressure (psi) D Slurry Rate (bpm) B
A B Surface Proppant Conc (lb/gal) B Bottomhole Proppant Conc (lb/gal) B D
7000 40 4000

6300 36 3600
Low Perm Frac
5600 32
+/- 10 md 3200

4900 28 2800

4200 24 2400

3500 20 2000

2800 16 1600

2100 12 1200

1400 8 800

700 4 400

0 0 0
21:20 21:30 21:40 21:50 22:00 22:10 22:20 22:30 22:40 22:50
Time
33 4/18/2019
Customer: Shell Frac Grad. .79 psi/ft Young's Mod. 400,000
Tubing Pressure (psi) A Annulus Pressure (psi) D Slurry Rate (bpm) B
A B Surface Proppant Conc (lb/gal) B Bottomhole Proppant Conc (lb/gal) B D
7000 40 4000

6300 36
Low Perm Frac 3600
+/- 10 md
5600 32 3200

4900 28 2800

4200 24 2400

3500 20 2000

2800 16 1600

2100 12 1200

1400 8 800

700 4 400

0 0 0
21:20 21:25 21:30 21:35 21:40 21:45 21:50 21:55 22:00
Time
34 4/18/2019
Customer: Shell Frac Grad. .79 psi/ft Young's Mod. 400,000
Tubing Pressure (psi) A Annulus Pressure (psi) A Slurry Rate (bpm) B
A B Prop Conc (lb/gal) C BH Prop Conc (lb/gal) C C
6000 20 50

18 Low Perm Frac 45


+/- 10 md
5000
16 40

14 35
4000

12 30

3000 10 25

8 20

2000
6 15

4 10
1000

2 5

0 0 0
00:00 00:10 00:20 00:30 00:40 00:50 01:00
Time
Customer: Shell Job Date: 35 Ticket #: 4/18/2019

Well Description: C-21 Permebility: 10 md Frac. Grad. .78 psi/ft StimWinH v3.1.4
Hig h R a te Wa te r F ra c
Tubing Pressure (psi) A Annulus Pressure (psi) D
Slurry Rate (bpm) B Slurry Density (lb/gal) B
A B Surface Proppant Conc (lb/gal) B Bottom Hole Proppant Concentration B D
7000 10 3000

6300 9 2700

5600 8 Smaller Multiple Fractures 2400

4900 7 2100

4200 6 1800
Fracture Initiation
1450 psi
3500 5 1500

2800 4 1200

2100 3 900

1400 2 600

700 1 300

0 0 0
20:30 20:45 21:00 21:15 21:30
Time
Customer: Vastar Resources, Inc. Job Date: 2/5/98 Ticket #: 150363
36 4/18/2019
StimWinH v3.1.4
Well Description: E13 ST1 11-Feb-98 14:36
High Rate Wate r Frac
Tubing Pressure (psi) A Annulus Pressure (psi) D
Slurry Rate (bpm) B Slurry Density (lb/gal) B
A B Surface Proppant Conc (lb/gal) B Bottom Hole Proppant Concentration B D
7000 10 3000

6300 9 2700

5600 8 2400

4900 7 2100

4200 6 Fracture Initiation 1800


1450 psi
3500 5 1500

2800 4 1200

2100 3 900

1400 2 600

700 1 300

0 0 0
20:30 20:45 21:00 21:15 21:30
Time
37 2/5/98 4/18/2019
Customer: Vastar Resources, Inc. Job Date: Ticket #: 150363
StimWinH v3.1.4

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