Professional Documents
Culture Documents
1 4/18/2019
Presentation Outline
3 4/18/2019
Gravel Pack Sand Permeability
Industry accepted values
4 4/18/2019
Skin Factor, or “Skin” Defined
• A numerical ratio, expressing existing
production rate compared to theoretical
production from an undamaged formation.
• Used as an assessment of near-wellbore
damage due to incompatible fluids, fines
migration, unbroken fracturing gels, and
proppant crushing and imbedment.
• Skin factor of “0” equates to an undamaged
formation.
• A negative skin factor indicates a stimulated
formation.
• A positive skin factor indicates a damaged
formation. 5 4/18/2019
Formation Damage
6 4/18/2019
FracPac
• FracPac is an established method of
increasing production by creating a sand
filled fracture through the damaged reservoir,
connecting the wellbore to the undamaged
reservoir.
100 md reservoir
2 md damage
>1000 md
7 4/18/2019
What is a High-Rate Water Pack?
• Stimulation/packing treatments employing
brines or low to medium viscosity carrier
fluids, pumped at high rates, to place sand
into the perforation tunnels and small created
fractures.
• 1) High Rate Water Pac - Treatment stays under
formation fracture pressure, and only fills the
perforations tunnels.
8 4/18/2019
FracPac
2 md damage
100 md reservoir
>1000 md
100 md reservoir
Perforations
100 md reservoir
Perforations
9 4/18/2019
HRWP & FracPac Tools
10 4/18/2019
HRWP & FracPac Tools
11 4/18/2019
MPT-Tool
Set Packer
Setting Ball
Gravel Packer
Production Screen
Sump Packer
12 CN03178 4/18/2019
Squeeze Position
Multi-Position Service Tool
Gravel Packer
Crossover or Closing Sleeve
Production Screen
Sump Packer
13 4/18/2019
CN00801
Considerations for
Matrix Acidizing
• If damage is not deep, it is possible to remove
the damage with acid.
• The damage must be acid soluble. Sandstone
2000 acids will dissolve clay and mud filtrate
damage.
• HCl will remove carbonate and some scale
damage
• NEVER pump HF acid into a producing
formation without an HCL preflush.
• An acid job is sometimes done before a
HRWP, especially if the pressure is not going
to exceed fracture pressure (matrix rates). 4/18/2019
14
How is a Fracture Formed?
• Fluid is pumped into the formation at rates in
excess of the ability of the formation matrix to
accept the fluid.
• Fluid pressure increases until it exceeds the tensile
strength of the formation.
• A crack is formed in the formation.
• Fluid carries proppant such as sand, into the
fracture
• When pumps are shut down the pressure bleeds off
to the formation.
• The induced fracture closes on the propping agent,
leaving highly permeable channels through which
oil or gas can flow to the wellbore.
15 4/18/2019
Tubing Pressure (psi) A Annulus Pressure (psi) A Slurry Rate (bpm) B
A B Prop Conc (lb/gal) C BH Prop Conc (lb/gal) C C
6000 20 50
18 45
5000
16 40
14 35
4000
12 30
3000 10 25
8 20
2000
6 15
4 10
1000
2 5
0 0 0
00:00 00:10 00:20 00:30 00:40 00:50 01:00
Time
16 4/18/2019
Customer: Shell Job Date: Ticket #:
Fracture Pressure Calculation
17 4/18/2019
Step Rate Test
What is it, and why is it performed?
6300 9 2700
5600 8 2400
4900 7 2100
4200 6 1800
3500 5 1500
2800 4 1200
2100 3 900
1400 2 600
700 1 300
0 0 0
19:05 19:10 19:15 19:20
Time
Customer: Vastar Resources, Inc. Job Date: 2/5/98 Ticket #: 150363
20 4/18/2019
StimWinH v3.1.4
Well Description: E13 ST1 11-Feb-98 14:20
Step Rate Test Analysis
6,000
Rate21 4/18/2019
P max Calculations
(Maximum Pressure which the Tools can Stand)
22 4/18/2019
Well Head Treating Pressure
“WHTP”
• WHTP is the actual pressure at the surface
during treatment.
• WHTP = BHTP - Hydrostatic PSI + friction
• For Fracture initiation
WHTP = Frac Press - Hydrostatic press + friction press.
• Friction Pressure is obtained from the friction
pump test.
23 4/18/2019
Friction Pump Test
(Tips)
• In reverse position establish rates ranging
from 1 bpm or less to over job design rate.
• The difference between the tubing pressure
and the live annulus pressure will give a value
for the tubing friction pressure assuming that
the same density fluid is in the tubing and the
annulus. This calculation IGNORES annular
friction and assumes that the treating fluid is
used in this pump test.
24 4/18/2019
Reverse Position
Multi-Position Service Tool
Gravel Packer
Crossover or Closing sleeve
Blank Pipe
Production Screen
Sump Packer
25 4/18/2019
CN00802
Determining Frac Gradient
Using ISIP
• Frac Grad = ISIP + Hydrostatic pressure
TVD
– If frac gradient is not available it can be determined by this
formula.
– ISIP can be determined when you shut down at the end of
an injection which creates a fracture.
– ISIP = pressure reading immediately following shutdown.
This reading should be taken within a few seconds of the
end of pumping, and may vary depending the volume of
fluid pumped at the time of shut-down. Typically an ISIP
taken early in a treatment will be lower than an ISIP taken
later in a treatment.
4/18/2019
What is ISIP?
4/18/2019
To determine ISIP, extend the straight line portion of the
pressure bleed off (heavy green line) back to where it crosses
a vertical line (heavy black line) drawn up from where the
rate goes to 0 bpm.
28 4/18/2019
Circulation Test
• Circulation tests are performed for the
following reasons
– Check fluid loss to the formation
– Check tool flow paths
– If an acid job is pumped, a circulation test before
and after can indicate how effective the treatment
was.
29 4/18/2019
Circulate Position
Multi-Position Service Tool
Gravel Packer
Crossover or Closing Sleeve
Production Screen
30 4/18/2019
CN00799
Formation Responses
31 4/18/2019
Tubing Pressure (psi) A Annulus Pressure (psi) A Slurry Rate (bpm) B
A Surface Proppant Conc (lb/gal) B Bottomhole Proppant Conc (lb/gal) B B
6000 40
4200 28
3600 24
3000 20
2400 16
1800 12
1200 8
600 4
0 0
18:00 18:05 18:10 18:15 18:20 18:25 18:30
Time
32 4/18/2019
Customer: Job Date: Ticket #:
Tubing Pressure (psi) A Annulus Pressure (psi) D Slurry Rate (bpm) B
A B Surface Proppant Conc (lb/gal) B Bottomhole Proppant Conc (lb/gal) B D
7000 40 4000
6300 36 3600
Low Perm Frac
5600 32
+/- 10 md 3200
4900 28 2800
4200 24 2400
3500 20 2000
2800 16 1600
2100 12 1200
1400 8 800
700 4 400
0 0 0
21:20 21:30 21:40 21:50 22:00 22:10 22:20 22:30 22:40 22:50
Time
33 4/18/2019
Customer: Shell Frac Grad. .79 psi/ft Young's Mod. 400,000
Tubing Pressure (psi) A Annulus Pressure (psi) D Slurry Rate (bpm) B
A B Surface Proppant Conc (lb/gal) B Bottomhole Proppant Conc (lb/gal) B D
7000 40 4000
6300 36
Low Perm Frac 3600
+/- 10 md
5600 32 3200
4900 28 2800
4200 24 2400
3500 20 2000
2800 16 1600
2100 12 1200
1400 8 800
700 4 400
0 0 0
21:20 21:25 21:30 21:35 21:40 21:45 21:50 21:55 22:00
Time
34 4/18/2019
Customer: Shell Frac Grad. .79 psi/ft Young's Mod. 400,000
Tubing Pressure (psi) A Annulus Pressure (psi) A Slurry Rate (bpm) B
A B Prop Conc (lb/gal) C BH Prop Conc (lb/gal) C C
6000 20 50
14 35
4000
12 30
3000 10 25
8 20
2000
6 15
4 10
1000
2 5
0 0 0
00:00 00:10 00:20 00:30 00:40 00:50 01:00
Time
Customer: Shell Job Date: 35 Ticket #: 4/18/2019
Well Description: C-21 Permebility: 10 md Frac. Grad. .78 psi/ft StimWinH v3.1.4
Hig h R a te Wa te r F ra c
Tubing Pressure (psi) A Annulus Pressure (psi) D
Slurry Rate (bpm) B Slurry Density (lb/gal) B
A B Surface Proppant Conc (lb/gal) B Bottom Hole Proppant Concentration B D
7000 10 3000
6300 9 2700
4900 7 2100
4200 6 1800
Fracture Initiation
1450 psi
3500 5 1500
2800 4 1200
2100 3 900
1400 2 600
700 1 300
0 0 0
20:30 20:45 21:00 21:15 21:30
Time
Customer: Vastar Resources, Inc. Job Date: 2/5/98 Ticket #: 150363
36 4/18/2019
StimWinH v3.1.4
Well Description: E13 ST1 11-Feb-98 14:36
High Rate Wate r Frac
Tubing Pressure (psi) A Annulus Pressure (psi) D
Slurry Rate (bpm) B Slurry Density (lb/gal) B
A B Surface Proppant Conc (lb/gal) B Bottom Hole Proppant Concentration B D
7000 10 3000
6300 9 2700
5600 8 2400
4900 7 2100
2800 4 1200
2100 3 900
1400 2 600
700 1 300
0 0 0
20:30 20:45 21:00 21:15 21:30
Time
37 2/5/98 4/18/2019
Customer: Vastar Resources, Inc. Job Date: Ticket #: 150363
StimWinH v3.1.4