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Universiti Tun Hussein Onn

Malaysia
Mechanical Engineering
Dynamics DAM 20903

Work and Energy


Objective
• To develop the principle of work and energy and apply it to
solve problems that involve force, velocity and displacement.
Work of a force
Force F does work on a particle only when the particle
undergoes a displacement in the direction of force.

U=F.s
U = ( F cos Ø ) . s

The unit of work : Nm or Joule


Work of a constant force

2
U12  F cos  1
ds

U12  F cos  s 2 s1 


Work of a variable force

2 2
U12   F . dr   F cos  ds
1 1
Work of a weight
2

1
2

1

U12   F . dr    Wj . dx i  dy j  dx k 
   Wdy  W  y2  y1 
2

U12  W  y 

* Δy : vertical displacement

:  U w :  
 
:  U w :  
Work of a Force on a spring
Fs  k  s

k s ds  k s2  s1 
2 2 1
U12   Fs ds  
1 1 2

Work of a Spring Force


U1 2   k s2  s1 
1
2
Spring takes work either
Compressed or stretched.
Activity 1
The 10kg block shown in figure rests on a smooth incline. If the
spring is originally stretched 0.5m, determine the total work done
by all the forces acting on the block when a horizontal force
pushes the block up the plane s = 2 m.
Work of a constant force
1. U p P ds  400  2 cos 30  692.8J

Work of a spring force


1 1
2. U Fs   k ( s2  s1 )   (30)( 2.52  0.52 )  90 J
2 2

2 2

Work of a weight
3. U w  mg.( y)  (10)(9.81)( 2 sin 30)  98.1J

Total work
U total  U p  U Fs  U w  692.8  90  98.1  505 J
Principle of Work and Energy
 F  ma
ds dv dv
F  m .  mv
dt ds dt

 F
2 2
t ds   mv dv
1 1

1 1 1 2
U  mv2  mv1 T
2 2
1 2
mv (Kinetic Energy)
2 2 2

T1  U12  T2
Activity 2
The 15.0 kN automobile is travelling down the 10º inclined road
at the speed of 60 m/s. If the driver jams on the brakes, causing
his wheels to lock, determine how far s his tyres skid on the road.
The coefficient of the kinetic friction between the wheels and the
the road is μk = 0.5.
F  0
N A  15000 cos10  0
N A  14772.12

T1  U12  T2
mv1  W sin   s   k N A  s   mv2
1 2 1 2

2 2
1 15000
( )(60) 2  [15000 sin 10  s  0.5 14772.12  s  0
2 9.81
s  575.63m
Power and Efficiency
• Power is defined as the amount of work performed per unit
time
dU F  dr dr
P   F   F v
dt dt dt
• Mechanical Efficiency
power output energy output
Efficiency( )  
power input energy input
Conservation of Mechanical Energy
T1  U12  T2
T1  [(V1  V2 )  (U12 ) noncons]  T2

T1  V1  T2  V2
where : 1 2
T mv
2
1
V  W y  ks2
2

 T  V   T  V
1 1 2 2
Activity 3
The gantry structure in the photo is used to test the response of an airplane
during a crash. As shown in figure, the plane, having a mass of 8 Mg is hoisted
back until Ø = 60º, and then the pull back cable AC is released when the plane
is at rest. Determine the speed of the plane just before it crashes into the
ground, Ø = 15º. Also, what is the maximum tension developed in the
supporting cable during the motion? Neglect the size of the airplane and the
effect of lift caused by the wings during the motion.
Using conservation of mechanical energy
T1  V1  T2  V2
1
0  8000  g  20 cos 60   8000v2  8000  g  20 cos15
2

2
 8000  g  20cos 60  cos15
1
v2 
2

4000
 40 g  0.4659
v2  13.5 m / s

Find the normal force

F n  man T  mg cos15  8000 


13.52
20
v2
 Fn  m r T  mg cos15  400 13.52  148.71kN

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