DIVERSION HEAD WORK

 The structure constructed across a river to ensure a

regulated continuous supply of water into the canal.

 Also called canal regulator.

Barrage

 A barrier placed across the

river to control the water.
or
 The structure which provides
the major part of the entire
ponding of water by gates
shutters by raising the crest is
called Barrage.
 The gates are set between
flanking piers.
Canal and its components

 Derived from a latin word canalis, means a pipe or

channel.

 Canal may be defined as waterway met through lands

for conveying water for irrigation purposes.
Components of Canal System

 Main canal
 Branch canal
 Distributary
 Minor
 Field channel (water courses)
Divide wall

 A wall constructed at right angle to the axis of the weir.

 It extends upstream beyond the beginning of canal HR.

 Diverts the flow of water and ensures the flow of water

into the off-taking canals.
Divide wall
Fish ladder
The structure constructed on downstream of barrage for
the purpose of fishing.
 For movement of fish (negotiate the artificial barrier in
either direction)
 Difference of level on the upstream and downstream
sides on the weir is split up into water steps by means
of baffle walls constructed across the inclined chute of
fish ladder.
 Velocity in chute must not be more than 3 m/s
 Grooved gate at upstream and downstream for effective
control.
Navigation Lock

 It is a special lock which is constructed for crossing or

transporting of ships.
 Used in emergency cases (war) or other specific
purposes.
 This lock gate is provided with mechanical jack system.
 By raising these jacks, that portion of road and sluice
gates is raised and ship can cross easily without colliding
with piers.
Measurement of discharge:
The measurement of discharge on the downstream side is
calculated by the following formula
Q  Cd A.2 gh
where,
Q = discharge in cusecs
h = cut off i.e. upstream water level minus downstream
water level
g = acceleration due to gravity = 32.2 ft/sec2
A = area i.e. gate opening x width of gate
Cd = co-efficient of discharge = 0.50 to 0.90
Weir
 A solid obstruction put across river to raise its water level
and divert water into canal.
 Vertical drop wall or crest wall.

 Upstream, downstream cut off wall at the ends of

impervious floor.
Location of Weirs
 A weir should be located in a stable part of the river
where the river is unlikely to change its course.
 The weir has to be built high enough to fulfill command
requirements. During high floods, the river could overtop
its embankments and change its course. Therefore, a
location with firm, well defined banks should be selected
for the construction of the weir.
CANAL HEAD REGULATOR
 Structure at the head of canal taking off from a reservoir
may consist of number of spans separated by piers and
operated by gates.
 Regulators are normally aligned at 90° to the weir up to
10" are considered preferable for smooth entry into canal.
These are used for diversion of flow. Silt reduces carriage
capacity of flow.
Types of Canal Regulation

Still pond regulation

Open flow regulation

Silt control devices

1. Still Pond Regulation:

 Canal draws water from still pond.

 Water in excess of canal requirements is not allowed to
escape under the sluice gates.
 Velocity of water in the pocket is very much reduced; silt
is deposited in the pocket.
2. Open flow regulation

 Sluice gates are opened and allow excess of the canal

requirement.
 Top water passes into the canal.
 Bottom water maintain certain velocity in the pocket to
keep the silt to remain in suspension.
3. Silt Control Devices
Entry of silt to canal can be controlled by:
 Providing divide wall

 To create a silt trap or pocket

 To create scouring capacity of under sluices by concentrating the currents

towards them

 Paving the bottom of approach channel to reduce disturbance

 Installing silt excluder

 Making entry of clear top water in the canal by providing

 Raised sill in the canal

 Lowering sill level of scouring sluices

 Reducing flow velocity by providing wider head regulator

Silt Excluder

 Silt is excluded from water entering the canal,

constructed in the bed in-front of head regulator -
excludes silt from water entering the canal.

 Designed such that the top and bottom layers of flow are
separated with the least possible disturbance.
Silt Ejector
 Device by which the silt, after it has entered the
canal is extracted or thrown out.
 Constructed on the canal some distance away from
head regulator
 There should be no disturbance of flow at the entry.
 Location:
 If near head regulator, silt will be in suspension
 If too far away than result in silting of canal.
Canal Headwork - Types and Locations
 Any hydraulic structure which supplies water to the off
taking canal.
 Diversion head-work provides an obstruction across a
river, so that the water level is raised and water is
diverted to the channel at required level.
 The increase water level helps the flow of water by
gravity and results in increasing the commanded area
and reducing the water fluctuations (irregular rise and
fall) in the river
 Diversion head-work may serve as silt regulator into the
channel. Due to the obstruction, the velocity of the river
decreases and silt settles at the bed.
The Under sluices: Scouring sluices
Maintaining a deep channel in front of the Head regulator and
dispose-off heavy silt and a part of flood discharge on the
downstream side of barrage.
Functions:
 Control silt entry into channel

 Scour the silt deposited in river bed

 Pass low floods without lowering the shutter of the main weir

 Provide greater waterway for floods, thus lowering the flood

levels
The under sluices:
Sheet Pile
Made of mild steel, each portion being 1/2' to 2' in width
and 1/2" thick and of the required length, having groove to
link with other sheet piles
Upstream piles:
Situated at the upstream end of the upstream concrete
floor driven into the soil
Functions:
 Protect barrage structure from scour
 Reduce uplift pressure on barrage
 To hold the sand compacted and densified between two
sheet piles in order to increase the bearing capacity
when barrage floor is designed as raft.
Sheet piles:
Sheet Piling Machine
Intermediate sheet piles:

 Situated at any appropriate position(s)in between

upstream and downstream ends of floor.
 Protection to the main structure of barrage (i.e. piers
carrying the gates, road bridge and the service bridge).
 They also help lengthen the seepage path and reduce
uplift pressure.
Downstream sheet piles

 Placed at the end of downstream concrete floor.

 Their main function is to check the exit gradient.
 Their depth should be greater than the possible scour.