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electronics fundamentals

circuits, devices, and applications

THOMAS L. FLOYD
DAVID M. BUCHLA

chapter 10

Electronics Fundamentals 8th edition © 2010 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle


Floyd/Buchla River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved.
Chapter 10

Sinusoidal response of RC circuits


When both resistance and capacitance are in a series
circuit, the phase angle between the applied voltage and
total current is between 0 and 90, depending on the
values of resistance and reactance.
VR VC

V R leads VS V C lags V S

R
C
VS

I leads V S

Electronics Fundamentals 8th edition © 2010 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle


Floyd/Buchla River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved.
Chapter 10

Impedance of series RC circuits


In a series RC circuit, the total impedance is the phasor
sum of R and XC.
R is plotted along the positive x-axis.
XC is plotted along the negative y-axis.
 XC 
  tan 1   R R
 R   
Z is the diagonal
XC XC
Z Z

It is convenient to reposition the


phasors into the impedance triangle.

Electronics Fundamentals 8th edition © 2010 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle


Floyd/Buchla River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved.
Chapter 10

Impedance of series RC circuits

Sketch the impedance triangle and show the


values for R = 1.2 kW and XC = 960 W.

Z 1.2 kW  +  0.96 kW 
2 2
R = 1.2 kW
 1.33 kW 
39o
0.96 kW XC =
  tan 1
1.2 kW Z = 1.33 kW 960 W
 39

Electronics Fundamentals 8th edition © 2010 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle


Floyd/Buchla River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved.
Chapter 10

Analysis of series RC circuits


Ohm’s law is applied to series RC circuits using Z,
V, and I.
V V
V  IZ I Z
Z I

Because I is the same everywhere in a series circuit,


you can obtain the voltages across different
components by multiplying the impedance of that
component by the current as shown in the following
example.

Electronics Fundamentals 8th edition © 2010 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle


Floyd/Buchla River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved.
Chapter 10

Analysis of series RC circuits

Assume the current in the previous example is 10 mArms.


Sketch the voltage phasor diagram. The impedance
triangle from the previous example is shown for reference.
The voltage phasor diagram can be found from Ohm’s
law. Multiply each impedance phasor by 10 mA.
R = 1.2 kW VR = 12 V

x 10 mA 
39o = 39o
XC = VC =
Z = 1.33 kW 960 W VS = 13.3 V 9.6 V

Electronics Fundamentals 8th edition © 2010 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle


Floyd/Buchla River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved.
Chapter 10

Variation of phase angle with frequency


Phasor diagrams that have reactance phasors can only
be drawn for a single frequency because X is a
function of frequency.
R
As frequency changes, 
Increasing f
3
2

the impedance triangle Z
1
3

for an RC circuit changes X f C3 3

as illustrated here Z 2

because XC decreases X f C2 2
Z 1
with increasing f. This
determines the frequency X f C1 1

response of RC circuits.
Electronics Fundamentals 8th edition © 2010 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle
Floyd/Buchla River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved.
Chapter 10

Applications

For a given frequency, a series RC circuit can be used to


produce a phase lag by a specific amount between an
input voltage and an output by taking the output across
the capacitor. This circuit is also a basic low-pass filter, a
circuit that passes low frequencies and rejects all others.
V
R
VR Vout

Vin C Vout
f
(phase lag)
Vin
f

Vout Vin (phase lag)

Electronics Fundamentals 8th edition © 2010 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle


Floyd/Buchla River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved.
Chapter 10

Applications

Reversing the components in the previous circuit produces


a circuit that is a basic lead network. This circuit is also a
basic high-pass filter, a circuit that passes high frequencies
and rejects all others. This filter passes high frequencies
down to a frequency called the cutoff frequency.
V
C Vout

(phase lead) Vin
Vin R Vout
Vout

VC Vin (phase lead)

Electronics Fundamentals 8th edition © 2010 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle


Floyd/Buchla River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved.
Chapter 10

Applications

An application showing how the phase-shift network is


useful is the phase-shift oscillator, which uses a
combination of RC networks to produce the required 180o
phase shift for the oscillator.
Amplifier
Rf
Phase-shift network
C C C

R R R

Electronics Fundamentals 8th edition © 2010 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle


Floyd/Buchla River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved.
Chapter 10

Frequency Response of RC Circuits


When a signal is applied to an RC circuit, and the output is taken
across the capacitor as shown, the circuit acts as a low-pass filter.
As the frequency increases, the output amplitude decreases.
Vin Vout
10
10VVrms
rms
10 V dc 10 V rms 100W
100
100 WW 10 V dc 1.57
0.79VV 8.46
rms V rms
rms
0 10 V dc ƒƒƒ == 110
20
kHzkHz
kHz 11 mm
mFF
F 0

Vout (V)

9.98
9
Plotting the response: 8.46
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1.57
0.79 1
f (kHz)
0.1 1 10 20 100

Electronics Fundamentals 8th edition © 2010 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle


Floyd/Buchla River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved.
Chapter 10

Frequency Response of RC Circuits


Reversing the components, and taking the output across the resistor as
shown, the circuit acts as a high-pass filter.
As the frequency increases, the output amplitude also increases.
Vin Vout
10V
10 V rms
rms 9.87V rms
10 V rms 5.32 V rms
m 0.63 V rms
10 V dc 11mm
mFF
F
ƒ =
1
100F Hz 100 W
100 W
0 10 V dc ƒ = 1 kHz
ƒ = 10 kHz 100 W
100 0 V dc

Vout (V)

10
9.87
9
Plotting the response: 8
7
6
5.32 5
4
3
2
0.63 1
0 f (kHz)
0.01 0.1 1 10

Electronics Fundamentals 8th edition © 2010 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle


Floyd/Buchla River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved.
Chapter 10
Selected Key Terms
Impedance The total opposition to sinusoidal current
expressed in ohms.

Phase angle The phase difference between source voltage


and total current in a reactive circuit.

Bandwidth The range of frequencies passed from input to


the output of a circuit.
RC Lag Circuit A phase shift circuit where the output voltage
lags the input voltage by its phase angle. The
output voltage decreases as the input
frequency increases.
Electronics Fundamentals 8th edition © 2010 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle
Floyd/Buchla River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved.
Chapter 10
Selected Key Terms
RC Lead A phase shift circuit where the output voltage
Circuit leads the input voltage by its phase angle. The
output voltage increases as the input
frequency increases.

Frequency In electric circuits, the variation of the output


response voltage (or current) over a specified range of
frequencies.

Cutoff The frequency at which the output voltage of


frequency a filter is 70.7% of the maximum output
voltage.

Electronics Fundamentals 8th edition © 2010 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle


Floyd/Buchla River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved.
Chapter 10
Quiz

1. If you know what the impedance phasor diagram looks


like in a series RC circuit, you can find the voltage phasor
diagram by
a. multiplying each phasor by the current.
b. multiplying each phasor by the source voltage.
c. dividing each phasor by the source voltage.
d. dividing each phasor by the current.

Electronics Fundamentals 8th edition © 2010 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle


Floyd/Buchla River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved.
Chapter 10
Quiz

2. A series RC circuit is driven with a sine wave. If the


output voltage is taken across the resistor, the output
will
a. be in phase with the input.
b. lead the input voltage.
c. lag the input voltage.
d. none of the above.

Electronics Fundamentals 8th edition © 2010 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle


Floyd/Buchla River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved.
Chapter 10
Quiz

3. A series RC circuit is driven with a sine wave. If you


measure 7.07 V across the capacitor and 7.07 V across the
resistor, the voltage across both components is
a. 0 V
b. 5 V
c. 10 V
d. 14.1 V

Electronics Fundamentals 8th edition © 2010 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle


Floyd/Buchla River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved.
Chapter 10
Quiz

4. If you increase the frequency in a series RC circuit,


a. the total impedance will increase.
b. the reactance will not change.
c. the phase angle will decrease.
d. none of the above.

Electronics Fundamentals 8th edition © 2010 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle


Floyd/Buchla River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved.
Chapter 10
Quiz

5. If you decrease the frequency in a series RC circuit,


a. the total impedance will increase.
b. the reactance will not change.
c. the phase angle will decrease.
d. none of the above.

Electronics Fundamentals 8th edition © 2010 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle


Floyd/Buchla River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved.
Chapter 10
Quiz

6. In an RC Lead Circuit, increasing the input frequency


a. increases the output voltage.
b. decreases the output voltage.
c. increases the phase angle.
d. none of the above.

Electronics Fundamentals 8th edition © 2010 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle


Floyd/Buchla River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved.
Chapter 10
Quiz

7. In an RC Lag Circuit, increasing the input frequency


a. increases the output voltage.
b. decreases the output voltage.
c. increases the phase angle.
d. none of the above.

Electronics Fundamentals 8th edition © 2010 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle


Floyd/Buchla River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved.
Chapter 10
Quiz

8. The cutoff frequency of an RC circuit can be expressed


as a condition when:
a. its resistance is equal to the reactance
b. fc = 1/(2RC)
c. its output voltage is 70.7% of its maximum value
d. all of the above

Electronics Fundamentals 8th edition © 2010 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle


Floyd/Buchla River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved.
Chapter 10
Quiz

9. The range of frequencies passed from input to the


output of a circuit is called the
a. bandwidth
b. cutoff frequencies
c. rejecting frequencies
d. limiting frequencies

Electronics Fundamentals 8th edition © 2010 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle


Floyd/Buchla River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved.
Chapter 10
Quiz

10. When power is calculated from voltage and current for an


ac circuit, the voltage and current should be expressed as
a. average values
b. rms values
c. peak values
d. peak-to-peak values

Electronics Fundamentals 8th edition © 2010 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle


Floyd/Buchla River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved.
Chapter 10
Quiz

Answers:
1. a 6. a
2. b 7. b
3. c 8. d
4. c 9. a
5. a 10. b

Electronics Fundamentals 8th edition © 2010 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle


Floyd/Buchla River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved.

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