HEAT TRANSFER

Luqman Buchori
Department of Chemical Engineering
UNDIP Semarang
 REFERENCES
1. Kern, D.Q., “Process Heat Transfer”,
International Student Edition, McGraw Hill
Kogakusha, Ltd., New York.
2. Holman, J.P., “Heat Transfer”, sixth edition,
McGraw Hill, Ltd., New York, 1986.
3. Mikheyev, M., “Fundamentals of Heat
Transfer”, John Willey & Sons Inc., New York,
1986.
4. Incopera De Witt, “Fundamentals of Heat
Transfer”, John Willey & Sons Inc., New York,
1981.
5. Ozisik, “Heat Transfer, a basic approach”,
1984.
6. McAdams, W.H., “Heat Transmision”, 3rd
edition, McGraw Hill Book Company, Inc.,
New York.
 COURSE MATERIAL
1. Basics of heat transfer (Conduction,
Convection, Radiation).
2. Application of heat transfer in industry
Basics of studying heat transfer :
• Ordinary/partial differential equation (Math 1, 2, MTK
1, 2)
• Fluids mechanics
• The concept of thermodynamic energy balance
(Thermo 1, 2)
Definition
:
The study of the rate of heat
transfer between materials/objects
due to differences in temperature
(hot and cold)
Heat will flow from the high-temperature region to
the low temperature region
 USE OF HEAT TRANSFER
SCIENCE
 To plan heat exchangers (heat exchanger).
 To calculate the need for heating / cooling media
in a reboiler or condenser in a distillation
column.
 For calculation of furnace radiation
 For designing a boiler.
 For designing an evaporator.
 For designing chemical reactors
– Exotherm butuh pendingin
– Endoterm butuh pemanas
MECHANISM OF HEAT
TRANSFER
1. Conduction
2. Convection
3. Radiation
 1. Conduction

Conduction is the process of heat

transfer if heat flows from a place
where the temperature is high to a
place where the temperature is lower,
with a fixed medium of heat transfer.
Basic : Fourier’s Law

 dT  qk  dT 
q k  k A    or k  
 dx 
 dx  A  
 Example of conduction heat
transfer

Conduction in materials with different thickness. Which

material takes longer to raise the temperature?
Conduction in materials of different lengths, which is
longer heat?
Conduction in materials with  different temperature,
which one is faster ?
 2. CONVECTION
Convection is heat transfer that occurs
between a solid surface and a fluid
flowing around it, using a delivery
medium in the form of fluid (liquid/gas)
Basic : Newton’s Law

qc
qc  h c A Tw  Ts  or  h c  Tw  Ts 
   
A
 Example of convection heat transfer

Air movement in convection events with a heat source

at one corner
 Types of Convection :

1. Free convection/natural convection

Free convection is heat transfer caused
by only different temperatures and
different densities and no external
force that drives it.
Example : Hot plates that are left in the surrounding
air without any source of movement from outside
2. Forced convection
Forced convection is the heat transfer
of gas or liquid flow caused by external
energy
 3. RADIATION

Radiation is heat transfer that occurs

due to electromagnetic wave
radiation, without the need for
intermediary media
Basic : Stefan-Boltzma
n’s Law
q   AT 4
r
HEAT TRANSFER OF CONDUCTION, CONVECTION
AND RADIATION
Natural convection
Radiation from
Heat emitted and heat transfer and/or
the sun
reflected forced convection

Conduction to the ground through concrete

blocks
CONDUCTION HEAT TRANSFER

HEAT TRANSFER OF CONDUCTION,

STEADY STATE, ONE DIMENSIONAL

Covers : - cartesian (x, y, z)

- cylindrical (r, z, )
- spherical (r, , )

Fourier’s law for conduction :

q  k A dT
dx
 Cartesian
 direction Coordinates  direction z
 direction
x: y: :
q x  k A dT q y  k A dT q z  k A dT
dx dy dz

Cylindrical
Coordinates
 direction  direction  direction
r: : z:
q z  k A dT
k
q r  k A dT q   A dT

dr r d dz

Spherical
Coordinates
 direction r  direction  :  direction
: :
k k
q r  k A dT q   A dT q  A dT
dr  r d  r sin  d
Thermal Conductivity

Is the nature of a material that shows

how fast the material can deliver
conduction heat
In general, the value of k is considered constant, but
actually the value of k is influenced by temperature
(T).

Conductor  material that has good conductivity

Example : metal
Isolator  material that has poor conductivity
Example : asbes
 HEAT TRANSFER OF CONDUCTION
IN FLAT PLATE

1.Conduction Heat Transfer in One Flat Plate

(Slab)
q
Temperature
T profile
q

x

T T
Fourier’s q  k A dT  kA q
dx x x
Law : kA
Heat transfer rate, q  flow

Temperature  potential

Thermal conductivity, k
Thickness of material, x resistance
Surface area, A

Electrical analog (Ohm’s Law)  Flow  potential

resis tan ce
T
I V  q
x
R kA
When heat flow is expressed by an electrical analog it
becomes:
q T  T 
T 
2

1
T1 T2 q  
R x
kA
R T T1  T2
q 
R x
kA
Example :

Salah satu permukaan sebuah plat

tembaga yang tebalnya 3 cm
mempunyai suhu tetap 400oC,
sedangkan suhu permukaan yang
sebelah lagi dijaga tetap 100oC. Berapa
panas yang berpindah melintas
lempeng itu?
2. Conduction Heat Transfer in One
Series of Materials

 Heat flow is passed on a flat plane

arranged in layers with different
materials.
 The heat flow enters with a temperature
of T1 and exits with a temperature of T4.
The interface temperature is T2 and T3
respectively.
 Example : furnace construction, boilers,
etc.
 A B C
T1
T2
q q
kA
T3
kB
kC
T4

xA xB xC

The electrical analogy of the material

arranged in series :
q
T1 T2 T3 T4

RA RB RC
The equation for heat flow for all flat plane is:

T
q  overall
R
th
Rth is the amount of thermal resistance.
For series materials : Rth = RA + RB + RC + …
The equation for heat flow for materials arranged in series
is : T
overall  T
q
R R A  RB  RC
th

T1  T4
q
x A x B x C
 
k A A k BA k CA
In the steady state, the heat entering the left side must be
the same as the heat leaving the right,
qinput = qoutput
So that,

q  qA  qB  qC

T TA TB TC

q   
R RA RB RC
th

T1  T2 T2  T3 T3  T4
qA  qB  qC 
x A x B x C
k AA k BA k CA
Example :

Dinding furnace dilapisi oleh 3 lapisan : firebrick

dengan ketebalan 6 in (k=0.95 Btu/h.ft.oF),
insulating brick (k=0.4 Btu/h.ft.oF) dan common
brick (k=0.8 Btu/h.ft.oF). Suhu masuk firebrick, T1
= 1800oF, suhu maksimum insulating brick, T2 =
1720oF dan suhu T3 = 280oF .
 Hitunglah ketebalan lapisan insulating brick !
 Jika common brick tebalnya 9 in, hitunglah
suhu
keluar !
3. Conduction Heat Transfer through Series and
Parallel Materials

Walls consisting of several types of materials which are

connected in series and parallel are heated. Conduction
heat transfer is considered to take place only in one
direction (x direction).
T0 T1 T2 T3 T4

4a
2a

4b
q 1 3 q

2b
4c

x1 x2 x3 x4

Electric analogy for series and parallel arrangements :

Rk1 Rk2 R4a

R2a

T0 T1 T2 T3 R4b T4

R1 R3
R2b
R4c

To complete the above arrangement, the thermal

resistance arranged in parallel must be completed first so
that eventually a series arrangement will be formed.
1 1 1 1
For parallel arrangement :R  R  R  R  .....
1 2 3
The equation of heat flow for the above arrangement is :

T T
q 
R R1  R  R 3  R
th k1 k2
 x1 x 2
R1  R k1 
k1A1 k 2a A 2a  k 2b A 2b

x 3 x 4
R3  R k2 
k 3A 3 k 4a A 4a  k 4b A 4b  k 4c A 4c

The solution to the heat flow equation for series and parallel
arrangements is :

T0  T4
q
x1 x 2 x 3 x 4
  
k1A1 k 2a A 2a  k A k 3A3 k 4a A 4a  k A  k 4c A 4c
2b 2b 4b 4b
 CONDUCTION HEAT TRANSFER
IN CYLINDER
1.Conduction Heat Transfer in Hollow Cylinders
A long cylindrical hollow with inside radius r i, outside radius ro
and length L heated by q. Inside surface temperature T i and
outside surface temperature To.
L

To ro

ri

Ti

Electrical analog :
q
Ti To

R
Heat flow only takes place in the radial direction (r
direction).
The area of heat flow plane in this cylinder system is :
Ar = 2rL
So that Fourier's law becomes :
q  kAr   dT   k 2rL dT


 dr  dr
Boundary Condition, BC :
(i) r = ri T = Ti
(ii) r = ro T = To

With the above boundary conditions, the heat flow

equation for cylindrical coordinates is :

2kL T  To  2kL T  To 
q  i   i
or q 
ln ro r  2,3 log  ro r 
 i  i
 T T  To
q  i
R th ln r r 
 o i
2kL
ln ro r 
In this case, the thermal resistance is : R   i
th 2kL
ro Do
If D is the cylinder diameter then : 
r D
i i
The heat flow equation can be
written,   2 kL 
T  T 
2kL T  To  
i o 
q  i  q 
atau 2,3 log  Do D 
ln Do D   i
 i
If the inside diameter of the cylinder (Di) > 0,75 outside
diameter (Do), heat flow can be searched with:
T  To
q i
 
 Do  D  2
 i
kL D  Do  2
 i 
2. Heat Transfer Conduction on Cylindrical
Multilayer Walls

A cylinder with a relatively high surface temperature is

isolated with several types of materials arranged in
series. L

kC
kB T1
kA r1 r2
T2
A r3 T3
B
r4
C T4

Electrical
analog :
 The equation for heat flow for cylindrical multilayer walls is :

T T
q  overall 
R R A  RB  RC
th

lnr2 r1 lnr3 r2  lnr4 r3 

RA  RB  RC 
2k AL 2k BL 2k CL

So that,

T1  T4 2L T1  T4 
q
     lnr4 r3 
 
q
ln r2 r1 ln r3 r2 or

ln r2 r1   lnr3 r2   lnr4 r3 
2k A L 2k B L 2k C L kA kB kC
 qinput = qoutput

So that,

T TA TB TC

q   
R RA RB RC
th

T1  T4 T1  T2 T2  T3 T3  T4
q   
R
th
   
ln r2 r1 ln r3 r2 ln r4 r3  
2k A L 2k B L 2k C L
Contoh soal :

Sebuah pipa uap panas mempunyai suhu dalam

250oC. Diameter dalam pipa adalah 8 cm,
tebalnya 5,5 mm. Pipa itu dilapisi dengan
lapisan isolasi yang mempunyai k = 0,5 W/m. oC
setebal 9 cm, diikuti dengan lapisan lain dengan
k = 0,25 W/m.oC setebal 4 cm. Suhu luar isolasi
adalah 20oC. Hitunglah kehilangan kalor per
satuan panjang andaikan k = 47 W/m.oC untuk
pipa !
CONDUCTION HEAT TRANSFER IN SPHERICAL

1. Conduction Heat Transfer in Hollow Sphere

A hollow ball with the inside radius of the wall is r i and the
outside radius of the wall is ro is heated by q. Inside surface
temperature Ti and outside surface temperature To.
To
ro

ri Ti

Electrical
analog :
Heat flow only takes place in the radial direction (r
direction).
The area of heat flow plane in this spherical system is:
Ar = 4r2
So that Fourier's law becomes
 dT  : 2 dT
q  kAr  
   k 4r
 dr  dr
Boundary Condition, BC :
(i) r = ri T = Ti
(ii) r = ro T = To
With the above boundary conditions, the heat flow equation
for spherical coordinates is :
4k T  To  T T  To
i q   i
q  
1 1
1 1 R r ro
th
r ro i
i
4k
1 1 ro  r
r ro
In this case, the thermal resistance is : R  i  i
th 4k 4k r ro
i
2. Heat Transfer Conduction on Spherical
Multilayer Walls
T4

r4 T3
A sphere with relatively
high surface temperature
r3
is isolated with several
r2 T2
types of material.
r1 T1

k1

k2 Electrical analog
:
k3

q
T1 T2 T3 T4

R1 R2 R3
 The equation for heat flow for spherical multilayer walls is :
T T
q  overall 
R R1  R2  R3
th
So that,
T1  T4 4 T1  T4 
q or q  
1 1 1  1 1 1 1 1 1  1 1 1
r1 r2 r2 r3 r3 r4 r1 r2 r2 r3 r3 r4
   
4k1 4k 2 4k 3 k1 k2 k3
qinput = qoutput

T T1 T2 T3

q   
R R1 R 2 R3
th

T1  T4 T1  T2 T2  T3 T3  T4
q   
R 1 1 1  1 1 1
th r1 r2 r2 r3 r3 r4
4k1 4k 2 4k 3
Contoh Soal :

Sebuah bola lowong terbuat dari

alumunium (k = 202 W/m.oC)
dengan diameter dalam 4 cm dan
diameter luar 8 cm. Suhu bagian
dalam adalah 100oC dan suhu luar
50oC. Hitunglah perpindahan
kalornya !
 HEAT TRANSFER OF
CONDUCTION AND CONVECTION
SIMULTANEOUSLY
OVERALL HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENT,
U

is a total heat flow as a result of

the combined process of
conduction and convection.
The overall heat transfer coefficient is stated
by W/m2.oC (Btu/h.ft2.oF)
1.OVERALL HEAT TRANSFER COEFFISIENT IN
PLANE WALL
A flat plane, one side of which has a hot fluid A and the
other side there is a cooler B fluid.
TA
T1

Fluida A Fluida B

k h2

q
h1
T2

TB

q
TA T1 T2 TB
Electrical analog
: RA R12 RB
Overall heat transfer is stated with :

TA  TB A TA  TB 
 
q 
1  x  1 1  x  1
h1A kA h 2A h1 k h2

Moreover q  UA Toverall

So that the overall heat transfer coefficient can be

expressed by:

1
U
1  x  1
h1 k h2
For flat plane arranged in series,

TA  TB A TA  TB 
 
q 
1    x 
 1 1    x 
 1
h1A  kA  h 2A h1  k  h2

so that the overall heat transfer coefficient can be

expressed by:
1
U
1    x 
 1
h1  k  h2

1
U
 
A R C   R k R C 
 1 2 
2.OVERALL HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENT IN
CILYNDER
A hollow cylinder is exposed to convection on the inside and outside
surfaces of fluid A and B. Temperature of both fluids, TA and TB. The
fluid flows through the pipe at TA temperature. The heat transfer
from fluid to the pipe occurs convection, then passes through the
pipe with conduction and then to the fluid outside the pipe at the
L
temperature of TB by convection.

r1
r2

TA Electrical analog :

T1
q
TA T1 T2 TB
T T2
RC1 Rk RC2
TB
r
The overall heat transfer from the fluid inside the pipe to the
fluid outside the pipe is
TA  TB
q
1 ln  r2 r1  1
  

h1A1 2kL h 2A 2

Surface area for fluid heat transfer :

 inside of pipe, A1 = 2r1L
 outside of pipe, A2 = 2r2L
so that,

TA  TB 2L TA  TB 
 
q 
1 ln  r2 r1  1 1 ln  r2 r1  1
  
   

h1 2 r1L 2kL h 2 2 r2 L h1r1 k h 2 r2
The overall heat transfer coefficient can be based on the inner or
outer plane of the tube.
 Inner plane,
A1 TA  TB  2r1L TA  TB 
 
q 
  r1 ln  r2 r1 
1 A1 ln  r2 r1  A1 1  
r1
   
h1 2kL h 2A 2 h1 k h 2 r2
1
U1 
r ln r r 
1 1  2 1  r1
 
h1 k h 2 r2
 Outer plane,
A 2 TA  TB  2 r2 L TA  TB 
 
q 
  r2 ln  r2 r1 
A 2 A 2 ln  r2 r1  1 r2   1
   
h1A1 2kL h2 h1r1 k h2
1
U2 
r2 r2 ln  r2 r1  1
 
 
h1r1 k h2
3.OVERALL HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENT IN
SPHERICAL

Electrical analog :
T1
r1
q
TA r2
T2 TA T1 T2 TB

RA R12 RB
TB

The overall heat transfer from the fluid inside the pipe to the
fluid outside the pipe is
TA  TB
q
1 1
1 r1 r2 1
 
h1A1 4k h 2A2
The overall heat transfer coefficient ,
 Inside,
A1 TA  TB  4 r12  TA  TB 
 
q 
  2  1  1 
A1  1r  1r  A r  r r  r 2
1 1 1
  1 2  1   1 2  1
h1 4k h 2 A 2 h1 k h 2 r2 2
1
U1 
 
r12  1r  1r  r12
1  1 2 
 
h1 k h 2 r2 2
 Outside,
A 2 TA  TB  4 r2 2  TA  TB 
 
q 
   
A2 A 2  1  1 
r r  r2 2 r2 2  1  1 
r r 
 1 2 1  1 2 1
  
h1A1 4k h2 h1r12 k h2
1
U2 
 
r2 2 r2 2  1  1 
r r 
 1 2  1

h1r12 k h2
 Contoh
soal :

 Sebuah bola lowong terbuat dari alumunium (k =

202 W/m.oC) dengan diameter dalam 4 cm dan
diameter luar 8 cm. Suhu bagian dalam adalah
100oC dan suhu luar 50oC. Hitunglah perpindahan
kalornya!
 Jika bola di atas dilapisi dengan bahan isolasi yang
mempunyai k = 50 mW/m.oC setebal 1 cm. Bagian
luar isolasi ini bersentuhan dengan lingkungan
yang mempunyai h = 20 W/m2.oC dan Ts = 10oC.
Bagian dalam bola tetap mempunyai suhu 100 oC,
hitunglah perpindahan kalor dalam kondisi ini!
 CRITICAL THICKNESS OF
INSULATION
1.INSULATED CYLINDER
A circular pipe is installed with a layer of insulation around it.
The inside temperature of the wall insulation is T i while the
outside temperature is Ts. The outer wall of the pipe is
exposed to convection.

h, Ts

ri
T
Ti rc
The electrical analogy for insulated pipes
is
ln rc r 
q Rk   i 
Ti T Ts 2kL

Rk Rh Rh  1
2 rcLh

The heat transfer equation for an insulated pipe is :

Toverall Ti  Ts
q 
R ln  rc ri  1
th  
2kL 2 rc Lh

2L T  Ts 
 i 
q
ln  rc ri  1
 

k rc h
To determine the critical radius of isolation (rc) so that the
maximum heat transfer can be searched in 2 ways, namely

dq  0 or dR  0
drc drc
k
Critical radius is obtained: rc 
h
That is mean, the maximum heat transfer from the pipe
occurs when the critical radius is equal to the ratio of thermal
conductivity to the surface heat transfer coefficient.

k
If h rc < heat transfer increases with
the addition of insulation thick.
k rc > heat transfer decreases with
h
the addition of insulation thick.
2.INSULATED SPHERICAL
A sphere is installed with a layer of insulation around it. The
inside temperature of the wall insulation is Ti while the
outside temperature is Ts. The outer wall of the pipe is
exposed to convection.

The electrical analogy for

insulated sphere is
h, Ts
q
Ti T Ts
ri
rc
T Rk Rh
Ti

1 1
r rc 1
Rk  i Rh 
4k 4 rc2h
The heat transfer equation for an insulated sphere is :

Tmenyeluruh T  Ts
q  i
R 1 1
th ri rc 1

4k 4 rc 2 h
4 T  Ts 
q  i 
1 1
ri rc 1

k rc 2h
To determine the critical radius of isolation (rc) so that the
maximum heat transfer can be searched in 2 ways, namely
dq  0 dR  0
or
drc drc

Critical radius is rc  2k
h
obtained :
 Example :

Sebuah benda berbentuk pipa berdiameter 5 cm

dan bersuhu 200oC diisolasi dengan menggunakan
asbes (k = 0,17 W/m.oC). Benda tersebut terkena
udara kamar yang suhunya 20oC dengan h = 3,0
W/m2.oC.
 Turunkan persamaan untuk jari-jari kritis isolasi
tersebut !
 Hitunglah jari-jari kritis isolasi asbes !
 Hitung panas yang hilang pada jari-jari kritis !
 Hitung panas yang hilang jika tanpa isolasi !
CONVECTION HEAT
TRANSFER

The way of predicting the

value of the convection
heat transfer coefficient, h
 FORCED CONVECTION
FLOW SYSTEM
 FLOW OVER FLAT PLATE
Laminar region Transition region Turbulent region

U

U
U
U

Boundary layer flow regimes on a flat

plate
The grouping of the flow area over the plate is known from
the Reynolds number
U  .x .U  .x
Re  
 
 where : U = free-stream velocity
x = distance from leading edge
 = / = kinematic viscosity
The transition from laminar to turbulent flow occurs when Re >
5.105
The normal range for the beginning of transition is between
5.105
 and 106 IN A TUBE
FLOW

Fully developed flow

Usually, Reynold number for turbulent flow

is U m .d U m .d.
Re d    2300
 
Range for transition is 2000 < Red < 4000
 BOUNDARY LAYER ON A FLAT PLATE
The thermal boundary
layer That region where temperature gradients are
present in the flow as result from a heat
exchange process between the fluid and the
wall
The hydrodinamic boundary
layer
That region of the flow where
viscous forces
T

are felt
Tw = temperature of the wall
t T = temperature of the fluid outside
the thermal boundary layer
t = thermal boundary layer
Tw

qw dT
 k
A dy w
The Prandtl Number
The parameter which relates the relative
thicknesses of the hydrodynamic and thermal
boundary layers.    Cp.
Pr   

k Cp k
h .x
The Nusselt Number Nu x  x
: k
For the plate heated over its entire length :
Nu x  0,332 Pr1 3 Re x1 2
Applicable to fluids having Prandtl numbers between about 0,6
–For
50.fluids with low Prandtl Nu  0,530 P 1 2 Re 1 2
x r x
number
For fluids: with high Prandtl number
:
0,3387 Re x1 2 Pr 1 3
Nu x  14
  0,0468  2 3 
1    
  Pr  
The average heat transfer coefficient and Nusselt number may
be obtained with :
h  2hx
.U  .L
Nu L  2 Nu x  0,664 Re L1 2 Pr 1 3 where Re L 

The foregoing analysis was based on the assumption that the
fluid properties were the constant throughout the flow. When
there is an appreciable variation between wall and free-stream
conditions, it is recommended that the properties be evaluated
at the film temperature, Tf defined as the arithmetic mean
between the wall and free-stream temperature.
Tw  T
Tf 
2
The average temperature difference along the plate may be
obtained :
qw L k
Tw  T 
0,6795 Re L1 2 Pr 1 3
 FLOW IN A TUBE
For fully developed flow :
 Um d
Reynolds number : Re d 

For turbulent flow :
hd
Nusselt Nu d 
number : k
Nu d  0,023 Re d 0,8 Pr n

N number : n = 0,4 for heating

n = 0,3 for cooling

The fluid properties are evaluated at the bulk temperature

The heat transfer equation per unit length :
q
 h  d  Tw  Tb 
L
For laminar flow :

13 0,14
d   
Nud  1,86 Red Pr 1 3   
L  w 
Example :

Udara pada 27oC dan 1 atm mengalir di

atas sebuah plat rata dengan kecepatan
2 m/s. Jika plat dipanaskan keseluruhan
panjangnya hingga mencapai suhu 60oC,
hitunglah panas yang dipindahkan pada
(a) 20 cm pertama plat, dan (b) 40 cm
pertama plat.
 NATURAL CONVECTION

Natural or free convection is

observed as a result of the
motion of the fluid due to
density changes arising from the
heating process.
The movement of the fluid in free convection results from the
bouyancy forces imposed on the fluid when its density in the
proximity of the heat transfer surface is decreased as a result
of the heating process.
 FREE-CONVECTION HEAT TRANSFER ON A
VERTICAL FLATE PLATE/CYLINDER
Grashof number : Gr  g.Tw  T  L
3
L
2
where : g = gravitation
 = kinematic viscosity
 = 1/T = volume coefficient of expansion (K-1)
The heat transfer coefficient may be evaluated
from :
q w  h A  Tw  T 
Average free-convection heat-transfer coefficients can be
represented in the following functional form for a variety of
circumstances : hL
Nu f  C  Grf Prf  m 
k
f indicates that the properties in the dimensionless groups
are evaluated at the film temperature :
Tw  T
Tf 
2
 Gr.Pr = Ra (Rayleigh number)
C and m value can be seen at table :
Type of Gr.Pr (Ra) C m
flow or Table 4.1.
Laminar 104 – 109 0,59 ¼
109 – 1013 0,10 1/3

More complicated relations have been provided by Churchill and

Chu :
0,670 Ra 1 4
Nu  0,68  for RaL < 109

1   0,492 / Pr 
9 16

4 9

12 0,387 Ra 1 6
Nu  0,825  for 10-1 < RaL < 1012
1   0,492 / Pr  
9 16 8 27
 HORIZONTAL
PLATE
Horizontal plate with the heated surface facing upward :
Nu L  0,13  GrL Pr 
13
for GrL.Pr < 2 x 108

Nu L  0,16  GrL Pr 
13
for 2 x 108 < GrL.Pr <
1011
Horizontal plate with the heated surface facing downward :

Nu L  0,58  GrL Pr  1 5 for 106 < GrL.Pr < 1011

hL
Don’t forget : Nu L 
k

q  h A  Tw  T 
 HORIZONTAL
CYLINDER
g  Tw  T  d3 Nu f  C  Grf Prf 
m
Gr 
d 2
C and m can be seen at Table 4.1. k Nu d
q h
 h  d  Tw  T  d
L
 FREE CONVECTION FROM
SPHERE
Free convection heat transfer from spheres to air :
hd
Nu f   2  0,392 Grf 1 4 for 1 < Grf < 105
kf
If the Prandtl number entered will be
obtained :
Nu f  2  0,43  Grf Prf  1 4
For higher ranges :

Nu f  2  0,50  Grf Prf  1 4 for 3 x 105 < Gr Pr < 8 x

108
R
ADIATION HEAT TRANS
FER
Thermal radiation  electromagnetic radiation emitted by
a body as a result of its temperature.

Radiation always propagates at the speed of light, 3 x 1010

cm/s. This speed is equal to the product of the wavelength and
frequency of the radiation :
c  
where : c = speed of light
 = wavelength ( = 10-8 cm)
 = frequency
The propagation of thermal radiation takes place in the form of
discrete quanta, each quantum having an energy of
E  h
h = Planck’s constant, 6,625 x 10-34 J.s
Each quantum is considered as a particle having energy, mass
and momentum as molecules of a gas  photon gas
So, in a sense, the radiation might be thought of as a “photon
gas” which may flow from one place to another.
Using the relativistic relation between mass and energy and
the principles of quantum-stastitical thermodynamics so will
be obtained a formula is called Stefan-Boltzmann law where
the total energy emitted is proportional to absolute
temperature to the fourth power :

Eb   T4

When viewed from its emission power, bodies are divided

into 3 types :
1. Absolutely white
 absorb light, without re-emitting.
Emissivity () = 0
2. Gray body
0<<1
3. Blackbody
 absorb 100%, emit 100%.
Emissivity () = 1
 RADIATION PROPERTIES
The properties of objects that receive radiation energy :

Incident radiation Reflection ()

Absorbed ()

Transmitted ()

 = reflectivity
 = absorptivity
 = transmissivity
      1

Most solid bodies do not transmit thermal radiation,  = 0,

then
   1

Properties of body radiation,

1. Body that can absorb energy that come entirely (100%) is
called blackbody
=1 ; =0
Emission of blackbody,  = 1   =  = 1
2. Body that can reflect the energy that comes 100% is
called absolutely white
=1 ; =0
3. Body between black body and white body is called gray
body
0<<1
 KIRCHHOFF’s IDENTITY

Emissivity () of a body is equal to the

absorptivity () at the same temperature

Emissivity of a body ()  ratio of the emissive power of a

body to the emissive power of a
 E blackbody at the same temperature
E
b

The energy emitted by the body is always smaller than the

energy emitted by blackbody, so it is a value   1.
VIEW FACTOR (Fm-n)

 Shape factor
 View factor
 Angle factor
 Configuration factor
 Geometry factor
 Eb1

Eb2

T1 T2
A1 A2

The energy exchange between two surface that have different

temperature
Surface 1 and surface 2 radiate to each other
Energy on surface 1 can reach surface 2 and vice versa.

F1-2 = Fraction of energy leaving surface 1 which reaches

surface 2.
F2-1 = Fraction of energy leaving surface 2 which reaches
surface 1.
Fm-n = Fraction of energy leaving surface m which reaches
surface n
The energy leaving surface 1 and arriving at surface 2 is :
Eb1A1F12
The energy leaving surface 2 and arriving at surface 1 is :
Eb2A2F21

The net energy exchange is :

q1-2 = Eb1A1F12 - Eb2A2F21

On 2 surface, m and n apply the reciprocity relation :

AmFmn = AnFnm

The net heat exchange is therefore :

q1-2 = A1F12(Eb1-Eb2) = A2F21(Eb1-Eb2)

 RELATION BETWEEN SHAPE FACTORS

The various bodies do not see themselves :

F11 = F22 = F33 = … = 0

If Fij is the fraction of the total energy leaving surface i which

arrives at surface j so :
n
 Fij  1
j1
Thus for a three surface enclosure we would write :
F11 + F12 + F13 = 1
F11 = 0 F13 = 1 – F12
F21 + F22 + F23 = 1
F22 = 0 F23 = 1 – F21
From reciprocity relation : A1F12 = A2F21
 HEAT EXCHANGE BETWEEN
NONBLACKBODIES
The radiation heat transfer between black surface, all the
radiant energy which strikes a surface is absorbed.
On the nonblackbodies, all the energy striking a surface will
not be absorbed; part will be reflected back to another heat
transfer surface and part may be reflected out of the system
entirely.
When assume that all surface considered are diffuse and
uniform in temperature, and the reflective and emissive
properties
G are constant over all the surface. Two new term
= irradiation
may betotal
defined :
radiation incident upon a surface per unit
time and per unit area
J = radiosity
total radiation which leaves a surface per unit
time and per unit area.
It is assumed that the radiosity and irradiation are uniform
over each surface.
Radiosity  the sum of the energy emitted and the
energy emitted and the energy reflected
when no energy is transmitted (transmisi, 
= 0)
+=1
=1-=1-
So that
J = Eb + G = Eb + (1 - )G
J  E b
G
1 
The net energy leaving the surface is :

q  J G
A
 Eb  1 G  G
 Eb  G
Solving for G, in term of J will be
obtained :
q  A  E b  J 
1 

or

 E  J 
q b   Heat flow  potential difference
1  surface resis tan ce
A

Surface network :
q
Eb J

1 
A
The exchange of radiant energy by two surface A1 and
A2
A1 A2

J1

J2

F12 F21

Total energy leaving surface 1 and which reaches surface 2

is : J1A1F12
Total energy leaving surface 2 and which reaches surface 1
is : J2A2F21
The net interchange between the two surface is
q12 = J1A1F12 – J2A2F21
From resiprocity relation : A1F12 = A2F21
Then : q12 = A1F12(J1 – J2) = A2F21(J1 – J2)

 J1  J 2 
q  Heat flow  potential difference
1 space resis tan ce
A1F12

Space network
q
J1 J2

1
A1F12

Radiation network is combination of surface network and

space network. The two elements of the network are the
radiation network method.
 RADIATION HEAT TRANSFER BETWEEN TWO
SURFACE

Radiation network for two surfaces which see each other and
nothing else.

q
Eb1 J1 J2 Eb2

1 1 1 1  2
1A1 A1F12 2A2

The net heat exchange is :

Eb1  E b2 Eb1  E b2  T14  T2 4 

qnet   qnet   
R 1 1 1  2 1 1 1  2
 1   1 
1A1 A1F12 2A2 1A1 A1F12 2A2
Contoh Soal :

Dua buah piring sejajar berdiameter 60

cm, terpisah pada jarak 15 cm. Suhu pada
permukaan bagian atas adalah 250 K dan
suhu pada permukaan bagian bawah
adalah 300 K. Andaikan semua permukaan
hitam, berapakah laju perpindahan
kalornya ?
RADIATION HEAT TRANSFER BETWEEN THREE
SURFACE
q
Eb1 J1 J2 Eb2

1 1 1 1  2
1A1 A1F12 2A2
1 1
A1F13 A 2F23

J3

1  3
 3A 3

Eb3
To calculate the heat transfer between three surface, it can be
solved by applying Kirchhoff current law : The sum of the
currents entering a node is zero.

Node I : Eb1  J1 J 2  J1 J3  J1
  0
1 1 1 1
1A1 A1F12 A1F13

Node II: J1  J2 Eb2  J2 J3  J2

  0
1 1  2 1
A1F12  A A2F23
2 2

Node III: J1  J3 J2  J3 Eb3  J3

  0
1 1 1 3
A1F13 A2F23 A3 3
 RADIATION NETWORK FOR TWO SURFACES
ENCLOSED BY A THIRD SURFACE WHICH IS
NONCONDUCTING BUT RE-RADIATING

q
Eb1 J1 J2 Eb2

1 1 1 1  2
1A1 A1F12 2A2
1 1
A1F13 A 2F23

J3= Eb3

Node J3 is not connected to a radiation surface resistance

because surface 3 does not exchange energy, so that
J3 = Eb3 =  T34
Example : Two plates are located in a large room. The area of
A3 space is very large so that surface resistance is considered
zero. 1 
3 0
3A3
then Eb3 = J3

To calculate the heat flows at each surface, we must

determine the radiosities J1 and J2 using Kirchhoff current law.
Eb1  J1 J2  J1 J3  J1
  0
Node J1 1
: 1  1 1
1A1 A1F12 A 1 F 
1 12 

J1  J2 Eb2  J2 E J
  b3 2  0
1 1  2 1
Node J2 A: F A 1 F 
1 12  A
2 2 2 21 
 Eb1  J1
q 
The total heat lost by plate 1 is 1 1 
: 1
1A1

E J
The total heat lost by plate 2 q  b2 2
2 1  2
is :
 2A 2

The total heat received by the room is

:
q 3  q1  q 2

J1  J 3 J 2  J 3 J  E b3 J  E b3
or q3    1  2
1 1 1 1
A 1 F13 A 2 F23 A 1 1  F12  A 2 1  F21 
Contoh Soal :

Dua buah plat sejajar, ukuran 0,5 x 1,0 m

berjarak 0,5 m satu sama lain. Plat yang satu
dipelihara pada suhu 1000oC dan yang satu lagi
pada 500oC. Emisivitas plat itu masing-masing
0,2 dan 0,5. Kedua plat itu terletak di dalam
sebuah ruang yang sangat besar yang dinding-
dindingnya dipelihara pada suhu 27oC. Kedua plat
itu saling bertukaan kalor satu sama lain.
Tentukan perpindahan netto ke setiap plat dan ke
ruang !
 TUGAS PERPAN HARI SENIN PAGI
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tersebut
1. Suatu bahan tertentu DENGAN ALASAN
mempunyai tebal XXX cmAPAPUN
dan konduktivitas termalnya adalah
0,04 W/m.oC. Pada saat tertentu distribusi suhu terhadap x, yaitu jarak dari muka kiri
adalah T=150x2 – 30x dimana x dalam meter. Hitunglah laju aliran kalor pada x=0 dan
pada x =30 cm!

2. Sebuah kawat halus dengan diameter 0,02 mm dijaga pada suhu tetap 54 oC dengan
bantuan arus listrik. Kawat itu terbuka ke udara pada 1 atm dan XXXoC. Hitunglah
perpindahan kalor yang dibutuhkan untuk mempertahankan suhu kawat jika panjangnya
adalah 50 cm!

3. Suatu kerucut terpotong yang tingginya 30 cm terbuat dari alumunium. Diameter bagian
atas ialah 7,5 cm dan diameter bagian bawah 12,5 cm. Suhu pada permukaan bagian
bawah dipertahankan XXXoC dan pada permukaan atas 540oC. Permukaan lainnya
diisolasi. Andaikan semua permukaan hitam, berapakah laju perpindahan kalornya ?

NB : XXX adalah tiga angka terakhir NIM anda

 TUGAS PERPAN HARI SENIN SIANG
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DENGAN ALASAN APAPUN
1. Asbes (k = 0,17 W/m.oC) digunakan untuk membalut pipa yang terkena udara kamar
yang suhunya 20oC dengan h = 3,0 W/m2.oC. Pipa tersebut berdiameter XXX cm dan
bersuhu 200oC.
a. Turunkan persamaan jari-jari kritisnya dengan menurunkannya dari dQ/dr c!
b. Hitung panas yang hilang pada jari-jari kritis !
c. Hitung panas yang hilang jika tanpa isolasi !
d. Jika ditambahkan isolasi setebal XXX mm, bagaimana perpindahan panasnya?
2. Sebuah kawat halus dengan diameter 0,02 mm dijaga pada suhu tetap 54 oC dengan
bantuan arus listrik. Kawat itu terbuka ke udara pada 1 atm dan XXXoC. Hitunglah
perpindahan kalor yang dibutuhkan untuk mempertahankan suhu kawat jika panjangnya
adalah 50 cm!
3. Sebuah kamar bujur sangkar berukuran 3 x 3 m mempunyai lantai yang dipanaskan
hingga 300 K, loteng pada XXX K dan semua dinding diandaikan diisolasi sempurna.
Tinggi kamar 2,5 m. Emisivitas setiap permukaan diandaikan 0,8. Hitunglah pertukaran
kalor netto antara lantai dan loteng!

NB : XXX adalah tiga angka terakhir NIM anda

 TUGAS PERPAN HARI SELASA
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DENGAN
1. Suatu dinding bangunan terdiri dariALASAN
beton (k = 1,2APAPUN
W/m.oC) setebal 6,0 in, isolasi kaca
serat (k = 0,038 W/m.oC) setebal 2,0 in dan papan gypsum (k = 0,05 W/m.oC) setebal
3/8 in. Koefisien konveksi dalam dan luar masing-masing ialah 2,0 dan 7,0 Btu/h.ft 2.oF.
Suhu luar XXXoF dan suhu dalam 720oF. Hitunglah :
a. Nilai R.
b. Koefisien perpindahan kalor menyeluruh.
c. Rugi kalor per satuan luas
2. Sebuah kawat halus dengan diameter 0,02 mm dijaga pada suhu tetap 54 oC dengan
bantuan arus listrik. Kawat itu terbuka ke udara pada 1 atm dan XXXoC. Hitunglah
perpindahan kalor yang dibutuhkan untuk mempertahankan suhu kawat jika
panjangnya adalah 50 cm!
3. Dua buah piring sejajar berdiameter 60 cm, terpisah pada jarak 15 cm dan terkurung
sepenuhnya di dalam kamar besar yang suhunya 30oC. Sifat-sifat permukaan itu adalah
T1 = 540oC, 1 = 0,7 ; T2 = XXXoC, 2 = 0,5. Berapakah perpindahan kalor netto
masing-masing permukaan ?

NB : XXX adalah tiga angka terakhir NIM anda

 TUGAS PERPAN HARI JUMAT SIANG
Dikumpulkan paling lambat besok Senin, 21 Maret 2016 jam
12.00 di Pengajaran
Tidak menerima pengumpulan Tugas setelah waktu
tersebut
1. Asbes (k = 0,17 W/m.oC) digunakan untuk membalut pipa yang terkena udara kamar
DENGAN
yang suhunya 20oC dengan ALASAN
h = 3,0 W/m . C. PipaAPAPUN
2 o
tersebut berdiameter XXX cm dan
bersuhu 200oC.
a. Turunkan persamaan jari-jari kritisnya!.
b. Hitung panas yang hilang pada jari-jari kritis !
c. Hitung panas yang hilang jika tanpa isolasi !
d. Jika ditambahkan isolasi setebal XXX mm, bagaimana perpindahan panasnya?
2. Sebuah dinding tebalnya XXX mm dibangun dari bahan yang konduktivitas termalnya
rata-rata 1,3 W/m.oC. Dinding ini diisolasi dengan bahan yang mempunyai
konduktivitas termal 0,35 W/m.oC sehingga rugi kalor per meter persegi tidak lebih
dari 1830 W. Andaikan suhu muka dalam dan luar dinding yang diisolasi adalah 1300
dan 30oC, hitunglah tebal isolasi yang diperlukan !
3. Udara pada 1 atm dan XXXoC dipanaskan pada waktu mengalir di dalam tabung yang
diameternya 1 in dengan kecepatan 10 m/s. Hitunglah perpindahan kalor per satuan
panjang tabung jika terdapat kondisi fluks kalor tetap pada dinding dan suhu dinding
dipelihara pada 220oC !

NB : XXX adalah tiga angka terakhir NIM anda