EDU702 - RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH DESIGN

Norizan Awang 2018699344
Nabila Hanis Abdul Samat 2018617236
Khalilahanum Zainal Abidin 2018867638
Muhammad Ikhwan Idris 2018452108
Quantitative Research Design
• relates to the design of a research project which uses quantitative
research methods. The design varies depending on the method used,
which could be
• telephone interviews,
• face-to-face interviews,
• online surveys, or surveys by post for instance.
• Other methodologies include SMS / Test Message surveys,
• or physical counts.
 Quantitative Research Design
aimed at discovering how many people think, act or feel in a specific way.

Quantitative projects involve large sample sizes, concentrating on the quantity of responses, as
opposed to gaining the more focused or emotional insight that is the aim of qualitative research.

The standard format in quantitative research design is for each respondent to be asked the same
questions, which ensures that the entire data sample can be analysed fairly.

The data is supplied in a numerical format, and can be analysed in a quantifiable way using statistical
methods.

Surveys can, however, be tailored to branch off if the respondent answers in a certain way - for instance
people who are satisfied or dissatisfied with a service may be asked different questions subsequently.
 Quantitative research design tends to favour
closed-ended questions
• . Providing respondents with a set list of answers,
• they will not normally be able to give lengthy open-ended responses.
• This design ensures that the process of quantitative research is far more efficient than it
would be if qualitative-style open ended questions were employed.
• It is more efficient because it is then not necessary to carry out the time-consuming process
of coding vast quantities of open-ended responses.
• Quantitative research design does often allow the inclusion of an ‘Other’ category in the list of
possible responses to questions,
• This allows those respondents who do not fit directly into the main categories to still get
their precise responses recorded and used in the analysis of the research project results.
QUANTITATIVE
Quantitative research
Quantitative research
designs
• determine the • descriptive (subjects
relationship between one usually measured once)
thing (an independent • experimental (subjects
variable) and another (a measured before and
dependent or outcome after a treatment).
variable) in a population.
Quantitative Approaches

Descriptive Correlationa
Design l Design

Quasi-
Experiment
Experiment
al Designs
al Design
 A Quasi-
A Descriptive A Correlational Experimental
Experimental
Design Design Designs,
Design

• seeks to describe the • explores the • (often referred to as • often called true
current status of a relationship between Causal-Comparative) experimentation, use
variable or variables using seeks to establish a the scientific method
phenomenon. statistical analyses. cause-effect to establish cause-
• The researcher does • it does not look for relationship between effect relationship
not begin with a cause and effect and two or more variables. among a group of
hypothesis, but therefore, is also • The researcher does variables in a research
typically develops one mostly observational in not assign groups and study.
after the data is terms of data does not manipulate • Researchers make an
collected. collection. the independent effort to control for all
• Data collection is variable. variables except the
mostly observational in • Control groups are one being manipulated
nature. identified and exposed (the independent
to the variable. variable).
• Results are compared • The effects of the
with results from independent variable
groups not exposed to on the dependent
the variable. variable are collected
and analyzed for a
relationship.
 DATA ANALYSIS
FOR QUANTITATIVE
RESEARCH

Descriptive Statistics Inferential Statistics

Descriptive
Statistics
 Quantitative Data

Categorical Data

Two Fundamental
Types of Numerical Data
 Quantitative Data
• Obtained when the variable being studied
is measured along a scale that indicates
how much of the variable present.
• Reported in terms of scores.
• Higher scores indicate that more of the
variable
• Ex: The amount of money spent on sports
equipment by various schools
Categorical Data
• Simply indicate the total number of
objects, individuals or events a particular
category.
• Ex: The representation of each ethnic
group in a school.
 Raw Scores

p e s o f • Initial score obtained

• Difficult to interpret and
Ty it has a little meaning.

Sco re s Derived Scores

• Obtained by taking raw
scores and converting
Age and Grade-level Equivalents
• Tell us of what age or grade an
individual score is typical.
them into more useful Percentile Ranks
scores.
• Refers to percentage of individuals
scoring at or below a given raw
score
Standard Scores
• Provide an other means of
indicating how one individual
compares to other individuals in a
group
Techniques for Summarizing
Quantitative Data
• Frequency Polygons
• Skewed Polygons
• Histograms and Stem-Leaf Plots
• The Normal Curve
• Averages
• Spreads
• Standard Scores and the Normal Curve
• Correlation
Frequency • When the data are simply listed in no

n
apparent order, it is difficult to tell.

l y g o
Po
s
Listed below are the scores of a group of
students on mid semester biology test.
64, 27, 61, 56, 52, 51, 34, 17, 27, 17,
24, 64, 31, 29, 31, 29, 29, 31, 31, 59,
56, 31, 27, 17
• We must put the information into some
sort of order.
• Frequency distribution – list the scores in
rank order from high to low (Table 10.2)
• Grouped frequency distribution –
information grouped into intervals and
quite informative (Table 10.3)
• Frequency polygon – present the data in
graph (graphical display).
Skewed
Polygons

Positively Skewed Polygon Negatively Skewed Polygon

• The tail of the distribution trails off • The longer tail of the distribution
to the right, in the direction of the goes off to the left, in the direction
higher scores values. of the lower scores values.

Stem-leaf Plots
Histogram is a bar graph used to display
quantitative data at the interval or ratio level of
measurement. Arranged from left to right on
the horizontal axis. At the intersection of the
two axis is always zero.
Histograms
&
Steam-leaf plot is a display that organizes a set
of data to show both in shape and distribution.
Each data value is split into stem and leaf. The
leaf usually the last digit of the number and the
other digits to the left is stem. Ex: 149
leaf 9
stem 14
The
Normal • The smooth curve not just connecting the series of dots,

Curve
but rather showing a generalized distribution of scores
that is not limited to one specific set of data.
• This smooth curves are known as distribution curves.
• When a distribution curve is normal, the large majority
of the scores concentrated in the middle and the scores
decrease in frequency far away from the middle.
• It is based on a precise mathematical equation.
• Useful for researchers.

Mod
• Is the most frequent score
in a distribution
25, 20, 19, 17, 16, 16, 16,
14, 14, 11,10, 9, 9
Averages
Median Mean
• Is the point below and • It is determined by adding
above which 50 percent of up all the scores and then
the scores in distribution dividing this sum by the
fall (midpoint). total number of scores.
7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1
52, 68, 74, 86, 95, 105
70, 74, 82, 86, 88, 90 • The mean score is 80.
• Median is 84 the point
halfway between the two
middlemost scores.
 A B
Inter Quartile Range

A Ds
SP E
Overall Range

R
• Is the extent to which a distribution
is stretched or squeezed.
• The two distributions differ in what Standard Deviation
statisticians call variability.
• The most useful index of variability.
• A single number that represents the
spread of a distribution.
Standard ScoresNormal Curve
&
z scores T scores
A raw score that is exactly
on the mean corresponds
to a z score of zero.

• A raw score that is exactly one SD above

the mean equals a z score of +1, while
below the mean equals a z score of -1.
• Ex: Mean = 50, SD = 2 z score +2 48 50 52 z score +2
z scores Of course z scores are not always exactly
one or two standard deviation away from
the mean.
• Convert the raw scores below the mean
from negative to positive.
• One way to eliminate negative z scores
and convert them to T scores.

T scores = (z scores x 10) + mean

 Correlatio When two sets of data are strongly linked together we say they

n have a High Correlation. The word Correlation is made of

Co- (meaning "together"), and Relation. Correlation is Positive
when the values increase together, and. Correlation is
Negative when one value decreases as the other increases.
scatterplots
A pictorial representation of the
relationship between two
quantitative variables.
INFERENTIAL STATISTICS

Inferential statistics allow researchers

to make inferences about a population
based on findings (data they obtain)
from a sample.
 INFERENTIAL
STATISTICS

PARAMETRIC NON-PARAMETRIC

• Make assumptions about the • Relate to data that are flexible and
parameters (defining properties) of the do not follow a normal distribution.
population distribution(s) from which • Make no assumptions.
one's data are drawn,

T-test ANOVA Chi-Square Friedman

Pearson ANCOVA Mann-Whitney Spearman

Correlation U test Correlation
 PARAMETRIC INFERENTIAL STATISTICS
• T-test is used to determine whether there is a significant
difference between the means of two groups.

• Analysis of variance (ANOVA) is used to check if the means of

two or more groups are significantly different from each other.

• Pearson's Correlation Coefficient is a measure of the

strength of the association between the two variables.
 NON-PARAMETRIC INFERENTIAL
STATISTICS
• Chi square test is any statistical hypothesis test where the sampling distribution of
the test statistic is a chi-squared distribution when the null hypothesis is true.

• The Mann-Whitney U test is used to compare differences between two independent

groups when the dependent variable is either ordinal or continuous, but not normally
distributed.

• The Friedman test is used to test for differences between groups when the
dependent variable being measured is ordinal.

• The Spearman is often used to evaluate relationships involving ordinal variables.