globalization has dispersed political and economic power well beyond the state

• economic interdependence and global communication

had rendered the nation-state a ‘nostalgic fiction’.
(Ohmae, 1995)
• States now hold themselves accountable to a host of
international norms and standards
How globalization has reshaped the nation
state?
1. Economic interdependence
2. Economic & political integration
3. International law & universal norms
4. Transnational advocacy networks
5. New communication platforms
Effects of Globalization to Nation States:
Economic Interdependence
• Resulted to inequality between the easy flow of the amount of money
and the entrance of foreign commodities to almost all states in the
globe
• Deregulation of markets
• Privatization of state owned corporations
• Free trade among nations
How does a nation state adjust to such
changes?
• Conform and follow global free market principles
• Risking its people to be left behind from the progress
and development (this phenomenon is called…)
GOLDEN STRAITJACKET
• a direction of nation states wherein at this very moment
they are forced into the policies preferred for as imposed by
globalization to them
• Because of globalization economies become more
dependent on the Electronic Herd for growth in their capital
ELECTRONIC HERD
• Anonymous stock, bond and currency traders and multinational
investors connected by screens and networks

2 types of cattle in the Electronic Herd

1. Short-Horn Cattle – investors who buy stocks, bonds, future
contracts, currencies, derivatives, options & hedge funds
2. Long-Horn Cattle – Multinational corporations that engage in direct
foreign investment by building factories and utilities and supporting
local corporations in so-called “strategic alliances” and “local
partnerships”
ELECTRONIC HERD
This herd has grown exponentially thanks to the
democratizations of finance, technology and information; so
much so that today it is beginning to replace governments as
the primary source of capital for both companies and countries
to grow. Indeed, as countries increasingly have to run balanced
budgets to fit into the Golden Straitjacket, their economies
become ever more dependent on the Electronic Herd for
growth capital. So to thrive in today's globalization system a
country not only has to put on the Golden Straitjacket, it has to
join this Electronic Herd.
(Friedman, 2000: 107)
Effects of Globalization to Nation States:
Economic & Political Integration (EU)
• Resulted to inequality between the easy flow of the amount of money
and the entrance of foreign commodities to almost all states in the
globe
• Deregulation of markets
• Privatization of state owned corporations
• Free trade among nations
How does a nation state adapt to the needs
of the Electronic Herd?
• Poor countries will follow the advice of the neoliberal economists
about free market in hopes that they will become first world like
them
• critiques of economic globalization call for states to take for
themselves
• determine economic, social and environmental objectives for national
development and the capacity to ensure that transnational
corporations meet these priorities’ and to set the stage for ‘new
forms of participatory democracy
ECONOMIC & POLITICAL INTEGRATION
The Case of the European Union (EU)
• Regional partnerships & loosely-knit organizations were formed to
promote trade & economic cooperation

African Union
ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations)
NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement)
Communidad del Carribe
EU
The European Union
• EU has evolved into a supranational polity with its own kinds of
power struggles among competing national interests
• The EU provides an excellent illustration of how international
collaboration has been creating new roles and obligations for states,
as well as how states now delegate specific elements of sovereignty
to international organizations without giving up sovereignty in
absolute terms
RISE OF INTERNATIONAL &
UNIVERSAL PRINCIPLES
• human rights and fundamental freedoms

• UN & EU inspire governments’ constitution

• transgovernmental networks improve the competence and regulatory

effectiveness of governments
RISE OF TRANSNATIONAL ACTIVISM
• Certain early advocacies of transnational activism are
1.) campaign against slavery
2.) women’s right to vote

• compatible advocacy groups overseas that can

pressure the national governments in question
RISE OF TRANSNATIONAL ACTIVISM
• social movements and other civil society organizations
and individuals operating across state borders

• ‘When a state recognizes the legitimacy of

international interventions and changes its domestic
behavior in response to international pressure, it
reconstitutes the relationship between the state, its
citizens and international actors’
RISE OF TRANSNATIONAL ACTIVISM
• Social media platforms have also eased the way for
citizens groups across the ‘global south’ to build
network partners

• The social media revolution has lifted advocacy groups

and social movements into an exciting new phase and
energized civil society organizations at all levels
COMMUNICATION NETWORKS &
NEW MEDIA & THE STATE