PEIZOELECTRIC EFFECT

Dept of Electronics and Communication

CONTENTS

 Introduction
 Mechanism
 Mathematical Description
 Piezoelectric Materials
 Properties of Piezoelectric materials
 Classification
 Applications
 Limitations
 Virus based Piezoelectric Energy generation
 Conclusion

Dept of Electronics and Communication

INTRODUCTION
 Piezoelectricity was discovered by Curie Brothers in 1880.

 It is the generation of electric field from applied pressure. It is also a reversible process.

 The piezoelectric effect is used for production and detection of sound, piezoelectric inkjet
printing , etc.

 It also finds everyday uses such as ignition source for lighters, and the time reference
source in quartz watch.

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MECHANISM
 The nature of piezoelectric effect is closely related to the occurrence of electric dipole
moments in solids.

 The change in the position of the atoms due to applied stress leads to the formation of net
dipole moments that causes polarization and an electric field, respectively.

 As every dipole is a vector, the dipole density is a vector field.

 Dipoles near each other tend to be aligned in regions called Weiss domains. The domain
are usually randomly oriented, but can be aligned using the process polling.

 Polling consists of inducing a DC voltage across the material, usually at elevated

temperatures.
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MECHANISM Contd…

Polarizing a piezoelectric ceramic

Fig: (a)Random orientation of domains prior to polling

(b)Polling in DC electric field
(c)Remanent polarization after field is removed
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MECHANISM Contd…

Dielectric piezo-effect: (a)at applied compressive stress (b)at applied tension

Inverse piezo-effect at applied electric field
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MATHEMATICAL DESCRIPTION
 Linear piezoelectricity is the combined effect of :
 The linear electrical behavior of the material
D=ℇ E => 𝐷𝑖 = ℇ𝑖𝑗 𝐸𝑗
 Hooke’s Law for linear elastic materials :
S=s T => 𝑆𝑖𝑗 =𝑠𝑖𝑗𝑘𝑙 𝑇𝑘𝑙
These may be combined into so-called coupled equations, of which the strain-charge form
is:
S=sT+𝜕 𝑡 E → 𝑆𝑖𝑗 =𝑠𝑖𝑗𝑘𝑙 𝑇𝑘𝑙 +𝑑𝑘𝑖𝑗 𝐸𝑘
D=𝜕𝑇 + 𝜀𝐸 → 𝐷𝑖 = 𝑑𝑖𝑗𝑘 𝑇𝑗𝑘 +𝜀𝑖𝑗 𝐸𝑗
In matrix form:
𝑆 = 𝑠 𝐸 𝑇 + 𝑑𝑡 𝐸
𝐷 = 𝑑 𝑇 + 𝜀𝑇 𝐸
Dept of Electronics and Communication
PIEZOELECTRIC MATERIALS
 There are 32 crystal classes which are divided into the following seven groups: triclinic,
monoclinic, orthorhombic, tetragonal, trigonal, hexagonal, and cubic.
 Only 20 of the 32 classes allow piezoelectric properties .
 Ten of these classes are polar i.e. show spontaneous polarization without mechanical stress
due to a non-vanishing electric dipole moment associated with their unit cell.
 The remaining 10 classes are not polar, i.e. polarization appears only after applying a
mechanical load.

Dept of Electronics and Communication Fig: Unit cell of quartz

PIEZOELECTRIC MATERIALS Contd…

NATURAL SYNTHETIC

Quartz Lead zirconate titanate (PZT)

Rochelle Salt Zinc oxide (ZnO)

Topaz Barium titanate (BaTi03)

Sucrose Gallium orthophosphate (GaPO4)

Silk Potassium niobate (KNbO3)

Enamel Lead titanate (PbTiO3)

Dentin Lithium tantalite (LiTaO3)

DNA Sodium tungstate (Na2WO3)

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PROPERTIES OF
PIEZOELECTRIC MATERIALS
 High value of the dielectric constant
 Presence of spontaneous polarization in some domains
 Presence of hysteresis loop in polarization electric field and strain-electric field curves
 Dielectric constant increases with increase in temperature
 Ferroelectric properties disappear above a special point in dielectric constant-temperature
curve(curie point)

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CLASSIFICATION
 According to the applications piezoelectric electric materials are classified into several
groups:

 Ferrosoft materials
They are intended for high-sensitivity receivers and low-power emitters ofsonic and
ultrasonic signals when mechanical forces and electrical are not high and and losses
are not very important.
 Ferrohard and medium ferrohard materials
They are suited for radiating/receiving ultrasonic devices, piezo transformers, piezo
drivers and other power ultrasonic equipment.
 High stability materials
They are intended for use in planar mode , thickness compression/tension mode and
thickness shear mode and bulk wave devices(filters, resonators)

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CLASSIFICATION Contd…
 High-temperature materials
They are designed for sensors and other devices operating at temperatures higher
than 250 C.
 Porous materials
They find application in ultrasonic transducers, defectoscopy, thickness gauges,
vibrations measuring and medical diagnostic and therapeutic equipment.
 Composite materials
They are used in piezoelectric transducers for ultrasonic defectoscopes and thickness
gauges, in ultrasonic medical equipment diagnostic equipment.

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APPLICATIONS

 Actuators and sensors

 Accoustics
 MEMS
 Power generating sidewalks
 Power generating shoes
 Floor mats
 Electric lighters

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LIMITATIONS

 There 3 issues that we are faced within trying to tap into piezoelectricity as a viable
electricity production method:
 The major issue one is that the quantity of electricity produced is so small ,so unless
vast installations are set up, it will not have the strength to power our devices.

 The current is only produced when there is mechanical stress being applied, so as
soon as you stop compressing the material, there is no charge produced

 The last issue is that up to now, many of the starting products needed to produce
the piezoelectric materials are toxic and difficult to work with.

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VIRUS BASED PIEZOELECTRIC ENERGY
GENERATION

 Synthesizing the piezoelectric material often requires toxic starting

compounds, harsh conditions and/or complex procedures.

 To overcome this limitation we use piezoelectric and liquid-crystalline

properties of M13 bacteriophage(phage).

 We use this because the viruses replicate incredibly quickly, producing

millions of identical viruses within hours, so the supply is potentially limitless.

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CONCLUSION

 Piezoelectricity is a revolutionary source for “Green Energy”.

 Convert the ambient vibration energy surrounding into electrical energy.

 Electrical energy can then be used to power other devices or stored for later use.

 Piezoelectricity is an exciting field of nanotechnology. In the coming years, piezoelectricity

will become another weapon which we can use to reduce our reliance on fossil fuels and to
derive the energy we need.

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REFERENCES

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THANK YOU

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