CASCADE CONTROL SYSTEM

PRESENTED BY

• ZARTASHA AZHAR 14083123-009

• SAMRA SALAH UD DIN 14083123-026
WHAT IS CASCADE CONTROL?

•“The controller in which one controller’s output

drives the set point of another controller is called
cascade control”

• We have one manipulated variable and more than one

measurement
Primary loop
• The controller driving the set point is called the primary, outer, or
master controller.
• Measures T, Dominant loop , SP supplied by operator
Secondary loop
• The controller receiving the set point is called the secondary, inner or
slave controller.
• Measures Tc, Slave loop , SP output of primary loop
 WHEN USED?

• A process with relatively slow dynamics

• A liquid or gas flow
• relatively-fast process, has to be manipulated to control the slow
process.
• If the dynamics of the inner loop are fast compared to those of the
outer loop. Cascade control should generally not be used if the inner
loop is not at least three times faster than the outer loop
 EXAMPLE:

• The important feature in the cascade structure is the way in which

the controllers are connected. The output of the exit temperature
controller adjusts the set point of the flow controller in the
cascade structure; that is, the secondary controller set point is
equal to the primary controller output. Thus, the secondary flow
control loop is essentially the manipulated variable for the
primary temperature controller.
CASCADE CONTROL FOR JACKETED CSTR
• Exothermic reaction
• Heat removed by jacket
• Objective is to keep temperature T of reacting mixture at
desire value
• Disturbances are 1) feed temperature Ti 2) coolant
temperature Tc
• Manipulated variable is coolant flow rate Fc
Process 1
• Reaction in the tank and controlled output is the T
Process 2
• Jacket and its output Tc affects process 1
SIMPLE FEEDBACK CONTROL

• Measured temperature T
• Manipulate coolant flow rate Fc
• T will response faster to changes in Ti than to changes in Tc
• It is effected for compensated for changes in Ti than to Tc
CASCADE CONTROL
• Two control loop using two different measurement, T and
Tc
• Common Manipulated variable Fc
• Changes in coolant temperature by measuring in Tc, and
taking control action before it effect has been felt by the
reacting mixture
• If Tc increases, increase the Fc to remove same amount of
heat
ADVANTAGES
DISADVANTAGES

• One, it requires an additional measurement (usually flow

rate) to work.
• Two, there is an additional controller that has to be tuned.
• And three, the control strategy is more complex