ROBOTICS

What is ROBOT ?
A machine resembling a
human being and able
to replicate certain
human movements and
functions automatically
 WHY ROBOTS ?

ENTERNAINMENT
INDUSTRY

MILITARY TACTICS
FACTORIES

MEDICINE

WEAPONRY
SPACE
EXPLORATION
 HISTORY

 Mary Shelly in England published a novel ‘Frankenstein’ in 1817 which

deals with the story of a scientist who wants to create a monster human,

which then proceeds to raise havoc in the local community

 The term “robot” was first used in 1922 in play called “Rossum’s

universal robots” by the Czech writer Karel Capek

 The word “Robot” comes from the word “Robota” meaning

forced labour, drudgery

 Issac Asimov, throughout the 1940’s wrote many stories

depicting robots for various popular sci-fi magazines. In 1942 he

used the word ROBOTICS in a short story called Runaround. He

published his famous book I-Robot in the year 1950

 ROBOTICS TERMINOLOGY

• ROBOT – Mechanical device that

performs human tasks, either
automatically or by remote control.

• ROBOTICS – Study and application of

robot technology.

• TELEROBOTICS – Robot that is

operated remotely.
• The word 'robotics'
was first used in
Runaround, a short
story published in
1942, by Isaac
Asimov, I, Robot, a
collection of
several of these
stories, was Issac Asimov
published in 1950.
First Robot in the industry
 LAWS OF ROBOTICS

 Asimov proposed three “Laws of Robotics”

• Law Zero: A robot must not injure humanity or,
through inaction, allow humanity to come to
harm.
• First Law: A robot must not harm a human being
or, through inaction, allow one come to harm.
• Second Law: A robot must always obey human
beings unless it is in conflict with a higher order
law.
• Third Law: A robot must protect itself from harm
unless it is in conflict with a high order law.
 Why robots needed?
To perform 4 D’s

DIFFICULT

DANGEROUS

DIRT

DULL
 DIFFICULT

Worlds first snow cleaning robot (north

america)
DANGEROUS

Bomb diffuser robot

Removal of oil spill in the river
DIRTY

Sewer robot

Pipe cleaning robot Microrobot to clean polluted river

DULL
Dull –repetitive work
CLASSIFICATION OF ROBOTS
According to Japanese Industrial Robot Association According to Association Francaise de Robotique
(JIRA) (AFR)

Material handling. A man operated multiple degree of Manual handling devices.

freedom machine used for handling materials.

Fixed Sequence Robot. Robots performing Automatic handling devices with fixed cycles.
unchangeable pre-determined stages of work in a
sequence

Variable Sequence Robots. Same as the above but the Programmable with point-to-point or continuous path
sequences can be easily altered. controlled by servo motors.

Playback Robot. The motions are taught by the operator Programmable intelligent robots that can work
which is recorded and then the path is followed by gathering information from the surrounding.
robots.

Numerically Controlled Robot. The operations are

programmed by the operator using APT and given a
robot.

Intelligent Robots. These type can understand tasks in a

surrounding and act intelligently
 Types of Robots
 Industrial Robots :
 materials handling
 welding
 improving productivity
 inspection
 laboratory application
 Mobile Robots :
Robots that move around on legs,
tracks and wheels
 Educational Robots:
Robotic kits are used extensively
in education, for eg: Lego,
Robolab, Robocup soccer
Educational robots Lego boost
Lego Mindstorm EV3
 Types of Robots
 Domestic Robots
-designed to perform household
tasks
- modern toys which are
programmed to do things like
talking , walking and dancing etc
 Military Robots
It includes ground systems like
endeavor robotics PackBot , used
is Iraq and Afghanistan to scout
for improvised explosive devices
and big dog designed to assist
troops in carrying heavy gear
 Types of Robots

 Aerospace: It includes all the

sorts of flying robots – the
SmartBird robotic seagull and the
Raven surveillance drone, Mars
rovers, NASA’s Robonaut, the
humanoid that flew to the
International Space Station and
now back to earth
 Drones: Also called unmanned
aerial vehicles, these have
different size and have different
levels of autonomy, e.g.:
Phantom series and Parrots Anafi
as well as Hawk used for long
duration surveillance
 Types of Robots

 Humanoids : This is probably

the type of robot that most
people think of a robot , eg
Hondas Asimo which has a
mechanical appearance and also
androids like the Geminoid series
which are designed to look like
people
 Medical : Medical and health
care robots include systems such
as da Vinci surgical robot and
bionic prostheses and robotic
exoskeletons .
 ROBOT ANATOMY

 Robot anatomy is concerned with the physical construction of the

body, arm, and wrist of the machine. Most robots used in plants today
are mounted on a base which is fastened to the floor. The body is
attached to the base and the arm assembly is attached to the body. At
the end of the arm is the wrist. The wrist consists of a number of
components that allow it to be oriented in a variety of positions.
 Relative movements between the various components of the body,
arm, and wrist are provided by a series of joints. These joint
movements usually involve either rotating or sliding motions. The
body, arm, and wrist assembly is sometimes called the manipulators.
Attached to the robots hand is “end effector”.
 The end effector is not considered as part of the robot’s anatomy. The
arm and body joints of the manipulator are used to position the end
effector, and the wrist joints of the manipulator are used to orient the
end effector.
 ANATOMY OF ROBOT
COMPONENTS HUMAN ROBOT

Eyes Light Sensor, Camera

SENSOR
Nose Smoke, Chemical Sensor

Touch Tactile & Other

Ears Sound & Ultrasound Sensor

Tongue Chemical Sensor

CONTROLLER Brain Microcontroller, Micro Processor

ACTUATOR Muscle Motors & Mechanisms

CHASSIS/BODY Skeleton Frame, Links, Joints

LIFE Soul Battery

Basic components of robot are:
Manipulator or Rover: Main body of robot (links, joints, other structural
element of the robot

End effector: The part that is connected to the last joint (joint hand) of a
manipulator

Power Supply: Need power to provide the voltage signals that make the
motors turn, the sensors operate and the robot brain. The simplest way of
doing is to use batteries.

Software: Operating system, robotic software and the collection of

routines
Manipulator or Rover End effector

Power Supply Software

Actuators: Muscles of the manipulators (servomotor,
stepper motor, pneumatic and hydraulic cylinder)

Controller: Similar to cerebellum. It controls and

coordinates the motion of the actuators.

Sensors: To collect information about the internal state of

the robot or to communicate with the outside environment

Processor: The brain of the robot. It calculates the

motion and velocity of the robot’s joint.
Controller
AN INDUSTRIAL ROBOT SETUP
Sensors
The sensors acts as feedback devices to direct further actions of the manipulator arm
and the end effectors (gripper), and to interact with the robot’s working environment.

 Tactile sensors
These are contact sensors that must be brought in contact with the object to obtain
signals to measure the necessary qualities. Force, Torque, Touch, and Position
Sensors.

Non-Tactile Sensors
These are contact less sensors which sense the signals remotely, but only within the
specified range of distance from the object. They detect and measure the magnetic
fields, infrared and ultra violet light X-rays electrical fields, ultrasonic sound waves or
electromagnetic waves. Proximity sensors, Electro-optical sensors, Range imaging
sensors.
 ROBOTIC CONFIGURATIONS
• Robotic configurations generally follow the coordinate frames
through which they are defined. They are specified by succession of
P, R or S’s, Where P-prismatic, R-revolute, S-spherical joints. A robot
with three prismatic joints is specified as 3P.
• Numbers of configurations are available commercially. However the
basic configurations are:

 Cartesian
 Cylindrical
 Polar
 Articulated
 SCARA
 CARTESIAN CYLINDRICAL
CONFIGURATION CONFIGURATION

POLAR ARTICULATED
CONFIGURATION CONFIGURATION SCARA
CONFIGURATION
 NEED FOR ROBOTS
• Accuracy aspect: The robots can perform tasks with highest accuracy,
repeatability and the finish is of high quality

• Environmental aspect: They can operate under the environments hazardous

to human being

• Human aspect: The human error is eliminated by use of robot. Human beings
cannot work round the clock without fatigue.

• Skill aspect: The robots controlled by computer program can execute the tasks
better performance and efficiency than human being.

• Performance Aspect: Productivity is enhanced by induction of robots. They

can produce better performance and efficiency than human being.

• Automation Aspect: The highest technology component of automation in

robots can give a competitive edge in the international level
The requirements of a robot in an industry
are:
•To minimize the process in industry
•To minimize the direct and indirect labor
•To minimize tool change and setup time
•To maximize equipment utility
•To maximize flexibility
•To minimize lead time
•To improve the quality of products
•For safety in hazardous work environment
•To have good return of investment
•To maximize productivity, certain amount of time is
required to service the robot.
 SUMMARY

 Robotics provides a hands-on avenue for the

children to try any science concepts apart from
Robotics.
 It would help to generate an abundant source of
human capital with requisite skills & mindset for
productive employment that would address the
social issue of income inequality.
 All round development of personality which is the
purpose of education is finally possible.
 Being an easy and ready to use technology solutions
for social problems are made possible even for a
common man.