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Embedded Systems

BY:
MANAN GAUR
ECE 5TH SEM.
ROLL NO-2308206
Embedded System

Embedded system means the processor is embedded


into that application.
An embedded product uses a microprocessor or
microcontroller to do one task only.
In an embedded system, there is only one
application software that
In an embedded system, there is only one
application software that is typically burned into
ROM.
 Example : printer, keyboard, video game player
Application areas
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 Automotive electronics

 Aircraft electronics

 Trains

 Telecommunication
Application areas
4

•• Medical
Medicalsystems
systems

•• Military
Militaryapplications
applications

•• Authentication
Authentication
Application
5 areas

Consumer
electronics
•• Fabrication
Fabricationequipment
equipment

•• Smart
Smartbuildings
buildings
Essential Considerations
6

Response Time -- Real Time Systems


Area
Cost
Portability
Low Power (Battery Life)

 Fault Tolerance
Design Issues
(Hardware-Software Co-design)
7

System Specification
 Functions, Real Time Constraints, Cost and Power
Constraints
Hardware Software Partitioning
Hardware Synthesis
Software Synthesis and Code Generation
Simulation
Implementation
ES, MS and RTS
8

 All embedded systems are microprocessor based systems, but all


microprocessor based systems may not be amenable to embedding
(Area, Power, Cost, Payload parameters).
 Most of the embedded systems have real time constraints, but there
may be ES which are not hard RTS (for example off line Palm tops)
 There may be RTS which are not embedded (e.g. Separate Process
Control Computers in a network)
 Embedded Systems are not GPS; they are designed for dedicated
applications with specific interfaces with the sphere of control
General Characteristics of Embedded Systems
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 Perform a single task


 Usually not general purpose
 Increasingly high performance and real time
constrained
 Power, cost and reliability are important
considerations
 HW-SW systems
 Software is used for more features and flexibility
 Hardware (processors, ASICs, memory etc. are
used for performance and security
General Characteristics of Embedded Systems
(contd.)
10

ASIC s

Analog IO

Processor Mem
Digital
Cores

ASIPs and ASICs form a significant component


 Adv: customization  lower power, cost and enhanced
performance
 Disadv: higher development effort (debuggers, compilers
etc.) and larger time to market
Application Specific Characteristics
11

 Application is known before the system is designed


 System is however made programmable for
 Feature upgrades
 Product differentiation

 Often application development occurs in parallel to system


development
 Hw-Sw partitioning should be as delayed as possible

 For upgrades design reuse is an important criterion


 IP reuse, object oriented development
Some problems

• How can we capture the required behaviour of complex


systems ?
• How do we validate specifications?
• How do we translate specifications efficiently into
implementation?
• Do software engineers ever consider electrical power?
• How can we check that we meet real-time constraints?
• How do we validate embedded real-time software?
(large volumes of data, testing may be safety-critical)
Microcontroller

 A smaller computer
 On-chip RAM, ROM, I/O ports...
 Example : Motorola’s 6811, Intel’s 8051, Zilog’s Z8 and PIC 16X

CPU RAM ROM

Serial A single chip


I/O Timer COM
Port
Port

Microcontroller
Microprocessor vs. Microcontroller

Microprocessor Microcontroller
 CPU is stand-alone, RAM, • CPU, RAM, ROM, I/O and
ROM, I/O, timer are separate timer are all on a single chip
 designer can decide on the • fix amount of on-chip ROM,
amount of ROM, RAM and I/O RAM, I/O ports
ports. • for applications in which cost,
 expansive power and space are critical
 versatility • single-purpose
 general-purpose
Block Diagram

External interrupts
On-chip Timer/Counter

Interrupt ROM for


On-chip Timer 1 Counter
Control program
code RAM Timer 0 Inputs

CPU

Bus Serial
4 I/O Ports
OSC Control Port

P0 P1 P2 P3 TxD RxD
Address/Data
Pin Description of the 8051
P1.0 1 40 Vcc
P1.1 2 39 P0.0(AD
P1.2 3 38 P0.1(AD1)
0)
P1.3 4 8051 37 P0.2(AD2
P
P1.4 5 36 ) 0.3(AD3)
P1.5 6 35 P0.4(AD4)
P1.6 7 34 P0.5(AD5)
P1.7 8 33 P0.6(AD6)
RST 9 32 P0.7(AD7)
(RXD)P3.0 10 31 EA/VPP
(TXD)P3.1 11 30 ALE/PROG
(INT0)P3.2 12 29 PSEN
(INT1)P3.3 13 28 P2.7(A15)
(T0)P3.4 14 27 P2.6(A14)
(T1)P3.5 15 26 P2.5(A13)
(WR)P3.6 16 25 P2.4(A12)
(RD)P3.7 17 24 P2.3(A11)
XTAL2 18 23 P2.2(A10)
XTAL1 19 22 P2.1(A9)
GND 20 21 P2.0(A8)
Port 0 with Pull-Up Resistors

Vcc
10 K

P0.0
DS5000 P0.1

Port 0
P0.2
8751 P0.3
8951 P0.4
P0.5
P0.6
P0.7
XTAL Connection to 8051

The 8051 has an on-chip oscillator but requires an external


clock to run it
Using a quartz crystal oscillator
We can observe the frequency on the XTAL2 pin.
RST ( pin 9 ): reset

It is an input pin and is active high (normally low).


The high pulse must be high at least 2 machine
cycles.
It is a power-on reset.
Upon applying a high pulse to RST, the
microcontroller will reset and all values in registers
will be lost.
Reset values of some 8051 registers
Power-on RESET circuit
/EA ( pin 31 ): external access
1. There is no on-chip ROM in 8031 and 8032
2. The /EA pin is connected to GND to indicate the
code is stored externally.stored externally.
3. /PSEN & ALE are used for external ROM.
4. For 8051, /EA pin is connected to Vcc.
5. “/” means active low.

/PSEN ( pin 29 ): program store enable


1. This is an output pin and is connected to the OE pin
of the ROM.
ALE ( pin 30 ): address latch enable
› It is an output pin and is active high.
› 8051 port 0 provides both address and data.
› The ALE pin is used for de-multiplexing the address
› The ALE pin is used for de-multiplexing the address
and data by connecting to the G pin of the 74LS373
latch.
I/O port pins
› The four ports P0, P1, P2, and P3.
› Each port uses 8 pins.
› All I/O pins are bi-directional. .
Port 3 alternate functions

P3 bit Function pin


P3.0 RXD 10
P3.1 TXD 11
P3.2 /INT0 12
P3.3 /INT1 13
P3.4 T0 14
P3.5 T1 15
P3.6 /WR 16
P3.7 /RD 17
Register OF 8051

R0
DPTR DPH DPL
R1

R2 PC PC
R3

R4 Some 8051 16-bit Register

R5

R6

R7

Some 8-bitt Registers of the 8051


Stack in the 8051

 The register used to


access the stack is 7FH

called SP (stack pointer) Scratch pad RAM

register.
30H

2FH
 The stack pointer in the Bit-Addressable RAM

8051 is only 8 bits 20H

wide, which means that 1FH


18H
Register Bank 3

it can take value 00 to 17H


Register Bank 2
FFH. When 8051 10H
0FH Stack) Register Bank 1)
powered up, the SP 08H

register contains value 07H


00H
Register Bank 0
07.
Timer:
Interrupt :
THANK YOU

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