Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Capital
Structure
© 2005 Thomson/South-Western
The Target Capital Structure
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What is Business Risk?
Uncertainty about future operating income
(EBIT).
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Factors Affecting
Business Risk
Sales variability
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What is Financial Risk?
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Business Risk vs. Financial Risk
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Determining the
Optimal Capital Structure:
Seek to maximize the price of the firm’s
stock.
Changes in use of debt will cause changes in
earnings per share, and, thus, in the stock
price.
Cost of debt varies with capital structure.
Financial leverage increases risk.
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EPS Indifference Analysis
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Probability Distribution of
EPS with Different Amounts
of Financial Leverage
Probability
Density
Zero Debt Financing
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0 $2.40 $3.36 EPS ($)
The Effect of Capital Structure
on Stock Prices and the Cost
of Capital
The optimal capital structure
maximizes the price of a firm’s stock.
The optimal capital structure always
calls for a debt/assets ratio that is
lower than the one that maximizes
expected EPS.
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Stock Price and Cost of Capital Estimates
with Different Debt/Assets Ratios
Debt/ kd Expected Estimated ks = [kRF + Estimated Resulting WACC
Assets EPS Beta (kM – kRF)s] Price P/E Ratio
0% - $2.40 1.50 12.0% $20.00 8.33 12.00%
10 8.0% 2.56 1.55 12.2 20.98 8.20 11.46
20 8.3 2.75 1.65 12.6 21.83 7.94 11.08
30 9.0 2.97 1.80 13.2 22.50 7.58 10.86
40 10.0 3.20 2.00 14.0 22.86 7.14 10.80
50 12.0 3.36 2.30 15.2 22.11 6.58 11.20
60 15.0 3.30 2.70 16.8 19.64 5.95 12.12
All earnings paid out as dividends, so EPS = DPS.
Assume that kRF = 6% and kM = 10%. Tax rate = 40%.
2.5
1.5
0.5
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Debt/Assets (%) 14
Relationship Between
Capital Structure and Cost of Capital
Cost of Capital (%)
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Cost of Equity, ks
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WACC
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Minimum = 10.8%
5
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Debt/Assets (%) 15
Relationship Between
Capital Structure and Stock Price
Stock Price ($)
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Maximum = $22.86
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0 10 20 30 40 50 60
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Debt/Assets (%)
Degree of Operating Leverage
(DOL)
The percentage change in operating income (EBIT)
associated with a given percentage change in sales.
EBIT EBIT
DOL = Percentage change in NOI = EBIT = EBIT
Percentage change in sales Sales Q
Q(P - V) Sales Q
DOLQ =
Q(P - V) - FC
DTL = Q(P - V)
Q(P - V) - F - Int
S - VC
DTL = = Gross Profit
S - VC - F - Int EBIT - Int
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Liquidity and Capital Structure
Difficulties with Analysis
1. We cannot determine exactly how either P/E ratios or
equity capitalization rates (ks values) are affected by
different degrees of financial leverage.
2. Managers may be more or less conservative than the
average stockholder, so management may set a
different target capital structure than the one that
would maximize the stock price.
3. Managers of large firms have a responsibility to
provide continuous service and must refrain from
using leverage to the point where the firm’s long-run
viability is endangered.
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Liquidity and Capital Structure
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Capital Structure Theory
Trade-off Theory
Signaling Theory
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Trade-Off Theory
(Modigliani and Miller)
1. Theory:
1. Interest is tax-deductible expense, therefore less
expensive than common or preferred stock.
2. So, 100% debt is the preferred capital structure.
2. Theory:
1. Interest rates rise as debt/asset ratio increases
2. Tax rates fall at high debt levels (lowers debt tax shield)
3. Probability of bankruptcy increases as debt/assets ratio
increases.
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Trade-Off Theory (continued)
3. Two levels of debt:
3. Between these two debt levels, the firm’s stock price rises,
but at a decreasing rate
Symmetric Information
Investors and managers have identical
information about the firm’s prospects.
Asymmetric Information
Managers have better information about their
firm’s prospects than do outside investors.
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Signaling Theory
Signal
An action taken by a firm’s management that
provides clues to investors about how
management views the firm’s prospects
Result: Reserve Borrowing Capacity
Ability to borrow money at a reasonable cost
when good investment opportunities arise
Firms often use less debt than “optimal” to ensure
that they can obtain debt capital later if needed.
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Variations in Capital
Structures among Firms
Wide variations in use of financial leverage
among industries and firms within an
industry
TIE (times interest earned ratio) measures how
safe the debt is:
percentage of debt
interest rate on debt
company’s profitability
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Capital Structures Around the World
Capital Structure Percentages for Selected Countries
Ranked by Common Equity Ratios, 1995
Country Equity Total Debt Long-Term Short-Term
Debt Debt
United Kingdom 68.3% 31.7% N/A N/A
United States 48.4 51.6 26.8% 24.8%
Canada 47.5 52.5 30.2 22.7
Germany 39.7 60.3 15.6 44.7
Spain 39.7 60.3 22.1 38.2
France 38.8 61.2 23.5 37.7
Japan 33.7 66.3 23.3 43.0
Italy 23.5 76.5 24.2 52.3
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Before Next Class:
1.Review Chapter 9 material
2.Do Chapter 9 homework
3.Prepare for Chapter 9 quiz
4.Read Chapter 10
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