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Deepak Raut
Roll n0.108
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6 Presentation 1. Physical Layer

a) Convert the logical 1’s and 0’s coming from
layer 2 into electrical signals.
5 Session
b) Transmission of the electrical signals over a
communication channel.
4 Transport
Main topics:
3 Network • Transmission mediums
• Encoding
2 Data Link • Modulation
• RS232 and RS422 standards
• Repeaters
1 Physical • Hubs (multi-port repeater)
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6 Presentation 2. Data Link Layer

a) Error control to compensate for the
imperfections of the physical layer.
5 Session
b) Flow control to keep a fast sender from
swamping a slow receiver.
4 Transport
Main topics:
3 Network • Framing methods
• Error detection and correction methods
2 Data Link • Flow control
• Frame format
• IEEE LAN standards
1 Physical • Bridges
• Switches (multi-port bridges)
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6 Presentation 3. Network Layer

a) Controls the operation of the subnet.
5 Session b) Routing packets from source to destination.
c) Logical addressing.
4 Transport
Main topics:

3 Network • Internetworking
• Routing algorithms
• Internet Protocol (IP) addressing
2 Data Link • Routers

1 Physical
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6 Presentation 4. Transport Layer

a) Provides additional Quality of Service.
5 Session b) Heart of the OSI model.

Main topics:
4 Transport
• Connection-oriented and connectionless services
• Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
3 Network • User Datagram Protocol (UDP)

2 Data Link

1 Physical
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6 Presentation 5. Session Layer

a) Allows users on different machines to establish
sessions between them.
5 Session
b) One of the services is managing dialogue
control.
4 Transport
c) Token management.

3 Network d) Synchronization.

2 Data Link

1 Physical
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6 Presentation 6. Presentation Layer

a) Concerned with the syntax and semantics of the
information.
5 Session
b) Preserves the meaning of the information.
4 Transport c) Data compression.
d) Data encryption.
3 Network

2 Data Link

1 Physical
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6 Presentation 7. Application Layer

a) Provides protocols that are commonly needed.
5 Session
Main topics:
• File Transfer Protocol (FTP)
4 Transport • HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP)
• Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)
3 Network • Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP)
• Network File System (NFS)
• Telnet
2 Data Link

1 Physical
7 Application SERVICES

6 Presentation Each layer provides services to the layer above it.

1. Terminologies
5 Session
Entities – active elements in each layer (e.g.
process, intelligent I/O chip).
4 Transport Peer Entities – entities in the same layer on
different machines.
3 Network Service Provider – Layer N.
Service User – Layer N + 1.
2 Data Link
Service Access Points – places where layer N + 1
can access services offered by layer N.
1 Physical
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6 Presentation

2. Connection-Oriented and Connectionless

5 Session
Connection-Oriented – before data is sent, the
service from the sending computer must establish
4 Transport a connection with the receiving computer.

3 Network Connectionless – data can be sent at any time by

the service from the sending computer.
2 Data Link

1 Physical
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6 Presentation 3. Service Primitives

Request – entity wants the service to do some
work
5 Session
Indicate – entity is to be informed about an event
4 Transport Response – entity responds to an event
Confirm – entity is to be informed about its request
3 Network
Sending Computer Receiving Computer

2 Data Link 4 Transport 4 Transport

1. request 4. confirm 2. indicate 3. response

1 Physical
3 Network 3 Network
Thank you