HUMANITARIAN LAW

DR. RAJU KD

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HISTORY

 First there were unwritten rules based on customs that regulated

armed conflicts.
 Then bilateral treaties (cartels) drafted in varying degrees of detail
gradually came into force.
 The belligerents sometimes ratified them after the fighting was
over.
 There were also regulations which States issued to their troops.
 The rules also varied depending on the period, place, morals and
civilization.

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HISTORY

 Developed in the middle of the 19th century.

 1864 – Henry Dunant, work on the subject and adoption of the
Geneva Convention for the Amelioration of the Condition of the
Wounded in Armies in the Field.
 1868 - Declaration of St.Petersburg – prohibited the use of small
explosive or incendiary projectiles.
 1899 – 1907 – Hague Conferences

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FIRST CONVENTION

 The Swiss government, at the prompting of the five founding members of the ICRC,
convened the 1864 Diplomatic Conference, which was attended by 16 States who
adopted the Geneva Convention for the amelioration of the condition of the
wounded in armies in the field.
 The 1864 Geneva Convention laid the foundations for contemporary humanitarian
law. It was chiefly characterized by:
 standing written rules of universal scope to protect the victims of conflicts;
 its multilateral nature, open to all States;
 the obligation to extend care without discrimination to wounded and sick military
personnel;
 respect for and marking of medical personnel, transports and equipment using an
emblem (red cross on a white background).

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HUMANITARIAN LAW

 International humanitarian law is a set of rules which seek, for humanitarian

reasons, to limit the effects of armed conflict.
 It protects persons who are not or are no longer participating in the hostilities
and restricts the means and methods of warfare.
 International humanitarian law is also known as the law of war or the law of
armed conflict.
 the law of Geneva, which is designed to safeguard military personnel who are
no longer taking part in the fighting and people not actively involved in
hostilities, i.e. civilians;
 the law of The Hague (1907), which establishes the rights and obligations of
belligerents in the conduct of military operations, and limits the means of
harming the enemy.

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ARMED CONFLICT

 An international armed conflict means fighting between the armed

forces of at least two States (it should be noted that wars of national
liberation have been classified as international armed conflicts.
 A non-international armed conflict means fighting on the territory of a
State between the regular armed forces and identifiable armed
groups, or between armed groups fighting one another.
 To be considered a non-international armed conflict, fighting must
reach a certain level of intensity and extend over a certain period of
time.

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GENEVA CONVENTIONS
FROM 1948

 First Geneva Convention "for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded
and Sick in Armed Forces in the Field" (first adopted in 1864, last revision in
1949).
 Second Geneva Convention "for the Amelioration of the Condition of Wounded,
Sick and Shipwrecked Members of Armed Forces at Sea" (first adopted in 1906).
 Third Geneva Convention "relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War" (
first adopted in 1929, last revision in 1949).
 Fourth Geneva Convention "relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time
of War" (first adopted in 1949, based on parts of the 1907 Hague Convention IV
).

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PROTOCOLS

 In addition, there are three additional amendment protocols to the Geneva

Conventions:
 Protocol I (1977): Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949,
relating to the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts. As of 12 January
2007, it had been ratified by 167 countries.
 Protocol II (1977): Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949,
relating to the Protection of Victims of Non-International Armed Conflicts. As of
12 January 2007, it had been ratified by 163 countries.
 Protocol III (2005): Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949,
relating to the Adoption of an Additional Distinctive Emblem. As of June 2007, it had
been ratified by 17 countries and signed but not yet ratified by an additional 68
countries.

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GENEVA
CONVENTIONS

 Modern International Humanitarian Law is made up of two

historical streams: the law of The Hague referred to in the past as
the law of war proper and the law of Geneva or humanitarian law.
 The two streams take their names from a number of international
conferences which drew up treaties relating to war and conflict, in
particular the Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907, and the
Geneva Conventions, the first which was drawn up in 1863.
 Both are branches of jus ad bellum (the law of use of force),
international law regarding acceptable practices while engaged in
war and armed conflict.

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CONVENTIONS

 The Geneva Conventions are the result of a process that

developed in a number of stages between 1864 and 1949 which
focused on the protection of civilians and those who can no longer
fight in an armed conflict.
 As a result of World War II, all four conventions were revised based
on previous revisions and partly on some of the 1907 Hague
Conventions and readopted by the international community in
1949.
 Later conferences have added provisions prohibiting certain
methods of warfare and addressing issues of civil wars.

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BASIC RULES

 combatants and those not taking part in hostilities shall be protected

and treated humanely.
 It is forbidden to kill or injure an enemy who surrenders or who is
hors de combat.
 The wounded and sick shall be cared for and protected by the party
to the conflict which has them in its power.
 Captured combatants and civilians must be protected against acts of
violence and reprisals.
 They shall have the right to correspond with their families and to
receive relief.

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BASIC RULES
 No one shall be subjected to torture, corporal punishment
or cruel or degrading treatment.
 Parties to a conflict and members of their armed forces do
not have an unlimited choice of methods and means of
warfare.
 Parties to a conflict shall at all times distinguish between the
civilian population and combatants.
 Attacks shall be directed solely against military objectives

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REDCROSS

 Well-known examples of such rules include the prohibition on

attacking doctors or ambulances displaying a Red Cross. It is also
prohibited to fire at a person or vehicle bearing a white flag, since
that indicates an intent to surrender or a desire to communicate.
 In either case, the persons protected by the Red Cross or white flag
are expected to maintain neutrality, and may not engage in warlike
acts; in fact, engaging in war activities under a white flag or red
cross is itself a violation of the laws of war.

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FUNDAMENTAL
PRINCIPLES

 In 1899, Fyodor Martens laid down that civilians and combatants

remain under the protection and authority of the principles of
international law derived from established custom,
 Rousseau and Martens established principles of humanity, only
legitimate object which States should endeavour to accomplish
during war is to weaken the military forces of the enemy;
 The Additional Protocols of 1977 reaffirmed and elaborated on
these principles.

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IMPLEMENTATION

 Only States may become party to international treaties, and thus to the Geneva
Conventions and their Additional Protocols.
 However, all parties to an armed conflict whether States or non-State actors are
bound by international humanitarian law.
 At the end of 2003, almost all the world's States - 191, - were party to the Geneva
Conventions.
 The fact that the treaties are among those accepted by the greatest number of
countries testifies to their universality.
 In the case of the Additional Protocols, 161 States were party to Protocol I and 156 to
Protocol II by the same date.

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GENEVA
CONVENTIONS
 1949 – protection of war victims
 Cover the wounded and sick in land warfare;
 The wounded, sick and shipwrecked in warfare at sea;
 Prisoners of war and civilians.
 It applicable to all declared war or any other armed conflict.
 Use of violence against person is strictly prohibited.
 Torture or biological experimentation is prohibited.
 Not to left without medical assistance.

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SECOND GENEVA
CONVENTION

 Condition of Wounded Sick and Shipwrecked Members of Armed

Forces at Sea
 Same principles applied in sea also.
 1977 - Protocols

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THIRD GENEVA
CONVENTION 1949

 Prisoners of war.
 Armed personnel of army
 Other militias
 Conditions:
 1. to be commanded by a person who is responsible for his subordinates
 2. to be a distinctive emblem recognizable from a distance.
 3. Arms carried openly
 4. operations in accordance with customs of war

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PRISONERS OF WAR

 Organised resistance groups or movements

 All organised armed units under an effective command structure.
 A person who takes part in hostilities and falls into the power of
an adverse party ‘ shall be presumed to be a prisoner of war and
therefore shall be protected by the Third Convention.

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TREATMENT OF PRISONERS
OF WAR

 Humanely treated and protected.

 Showing in TV or confessing to the crime or criticizing their own
government must be regarded as a breach of the Convention.
 Reprisals against prisoners of war are prohibited.
 A.17 – no physical or mental torture
 A.23 – to be shifted to safe area.
 Medical treatment, religious activities, contact with the exterior.
 Only applicable to international armed conflict.

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4 TH GENEVA
CONVENTION
 Protection of civilians in time of war.
 A.50(1) of Protocol – I – 1977 – a civilian is defined as any person not a combatant.
 Protection from torture, inhuman treatment, hostage taking and reprisals.
 Applies to declared war or any other armed conflict.
 A.49 – prohibits mass forcible transfers
 A.52 – civil objects are not to be the object of attack or of reprisals.
 A.70 – protected persons shall not be arrested.
 All Geneva principles are ‘intransgressible principles of international law.’
 Legality of the Threat or use of Nuclear Weapons case, ICJ, 1996.

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INTERNATIONAL
CONFLICTS
 Humanitarian law is intended principally for the parties to the conflict and protects
every individual or category of individuals not or no longer actively involved in the
conflict, i.e.:
 wounded or sick military personnel in land warfare, and members of the armed forces'
medical services;
 wounded, sick or shipwrecked military personnel in naval warfare, and members of the
naval forces' medical services;
 prisoners of war;
 the civilian population, for example:
 foreign civilians on the territory of parties to the conflict, including refugees;
 civilians in occupied territories;
 civilian detainees and internees;
 medical and religious personnel or civil defence units.

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 NON-INTERNATIONAL ARMED
24 CONFLICTS

 Humanitarian law is intended for the armed forces, whether regular or not,
taking part in the conflict, and protects every individual or category of
individuals not or no longer actively involved in the hostilities, for example:
wounded or sick fighters;
 people deprived of their freedom as a result of the conflict;
 the civilian population;
 medical and religious personnel.
 International humanitarian law does not apply to situations of violence not
amounting in intensity to an armed conflict.
 Cases of this type are governed by the provisions of human rights law and
such measures of domestic legislation as may be invoked.

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NON INTERNATIONAL

 Tadic case – ICJ - individual responsibility on crime against humanity.

 The Appeal Chamber of the International Tribunal on War Crimes in
Former Yugoslavia – refused to accept a narrow interpretation of
geographical and temporal definition of armed conflicts whether
international or internal.
 Armed force between governmental authorities and organised
armed groups.
 Nicaragua case – control over the activity is necessary for the
responsibility.

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USE OF WEAPONS

 A.35 of Additional Protocol –I ‘it is prohibited to employ arms,

projectiles and material and methods of warfare of a nature to cause
superfluous injury or unnecessary sufferings.’
 Customary law – 1899 Hague declarations 2 (Asphyxiating Gases)
 Geneva Gas Protocol - 1925 prohibits use of poisonous or other gases.
 Hague declarations 3 – (Expanding bullets – dum-dum bullets)
 Protocol IV on Laser weapons 1995
 Landmines convention 1997.
 Reprisal must not target civilians or be disproportionate.

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NUCLEAR WEAPONS

 No treaty specifically prohibits the use of nuclear weapons – but IHL

equally applies to nuclear weapon use.
 Nuclear Weapons (advisory opinion) 1996.
 Biological Weapon convention 1972
 Chemical Weapons Convention 1993.

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HUMAN RIGHTS LAW

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HUMANITARIAN LAW
HUMAN RIGHTS LAW
 International humanitarian law and international human rights law (hereafter
referred to as human rights) are complementary.
 Both strive to protect the lives, health and dignity of individuals, albeit from a
different angle.
 Humanitarian law applies in situations of armed conflict whereas human rights, or
at least some of them, protect the individual at all times, in war and peace alike.
 However, some human rights treaties permit governments to derogate from
certain rights in situations of public emergency.
 No derogations are permitted under IHL because it was conceived for emergency
situations, namely armed conflict.

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HUMAN RIGHTS
HUMANITARIAN LAWS

 Humanitarian law aims to protect people who do not or are no longer

taking part in hostilities.
 The rules embodied in IHL impose duties on all parties to a conflict.
 Human rights, being tailored primarily for peacetime, apply to
everyone.
 Their principal goal is to protect individuals from arbitrary behaviour by
their own governments.
 Human rights law does not deal with the conduct of hostilities.

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HUMAN RIGHTS
INSTRUMENTS

 Universal instruments
 the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, adopted by the UN General Assembly in
1948
 the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide of 1948
 the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights of 1966
 the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women of
1981
 the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman, or Degrading Treatment
or Punishment of 1984
 Convention on the Rights of the Child of 1989

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HUMAN RIGHTS
INSTRUMENTS

 Regional instruments
 the European Convention on Human Rights of 1950
 the American Convention on Human Rights of 1969
 the African Charter of Human and Peoples Rights of 1981

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UDHR, 1948

 The United Nations Charter "reaffirmed faith in fundamental human rights,

and dignity and worth of the human person" and committed all member
states to promote "universal respect for, and observance of, human rights
and fundamental freedoms for all without distinction as to race, sex,
language, or religion (A.56).
 The Declaration arose directly from the experience of the Second World
War and represents the first global expression of rights to which all human
beings are inherently entitled.
 It consists of 30 articles which have been elaborated in subsequent
international treaties, regional human rights instruments, national
constitutions and laws.

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PREAMBLE

 freedom of speech and belief,

 and freedom from fear and want have been "proclaimed as the highest
aspiration" of the people.
 The third paragraph states that so that people are not compelled to
rebellion against tyranny, human rights should be protected by rule of
law.
 The fourth paragraph relates human rights to the development of
friendly relations between nations. The fifth paragraph links the
Declaration back to the United Nations Charter which reaffirms faith in
fundamental human rights and dignity and worth of the human person.

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PREAMBLE

 The sixth paragraph notes that all members of the United

Nations have pledged themselves to achieve, in cooperation
with the United Nations, the promotion of universal respect for
and observance of human rights and fundamental freedoms.
 The seventh paragraph observes that "a common
understanding" of rights and freedoms is of "the greatest
importance" for the full realization of that pledge.
 10 December and is known as Human Rights Day or
International Human Rights Day.

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ORIGIN

 Magna Carta 1215.

 It explicitly protected certain rights of the King's subjects,
whether free or fettered — most notably the writ of
habeas corpus, allowing appeal against unlawful imprisonment.
 1689 - The Bill of Rights of the United Kingdom is largely a
statement of certain rights to which citizens and
permanent residents of a constitutional monarchy were thought
to be entitled in the late 17th century, asserting subjects'
right to petition the monarch, as well as to bear arms in defence.

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PRINCIPLES

 1948 United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights

(UDHR) identifies human rights as being held by all people equally,
universally, and forever.
 Those rights are interdependent, inalienable and indivisible.
 Interdependence, for example, means that an individual's right to
free expression and to participation in government is directly
affected by rights to the physical necessities of life, to education,
to free association and non-interference by police or other
agencies.

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PRINCIPLES

 Inalienability means that those rights are innate: a person cannot

lose those rights and cannot be denied a right because it is "less
important" or "non-essential."
Article 29: duties -
 In the exercise of his rights and freedoms, everyone shall be
subject only to such limitations as are determined by law solely for
the purpose of securing due recognition and respect for the rights
and freedoms of others and of meeting the just requirements of
morality, public order and the general welfare in a democratic
society.

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 CIVIL, POLITICAL AND OTHER RIGHTS
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 civil and political rights

 economic, social and cultural rights
 although distinctions are often unclear and particular rights might
appear in either class.

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EQUITY

 All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are
endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one
another in a spirit of brotherhood.
 with entitlement to rights and freedoms
 without distinction of any kind, such as race, colour, sex, language,
religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth
or other status
 and without distinction on the basis of the political, jurisdictional or
international status of the country or territory to which a person belongs.

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EQUITY

 Articles 7 and 8 of the UDHR declare that

 All are equal before the law and are entitled without any
discrimination to equal protection of the law. All are entitled to
equal protection against any discrimination in violation of this
Declaration and against any incitement to such discrimination.

Everyone has the right to an effective remedy by the competent

national tribunals for acts violating the fundamental rights
granted by the constitution or by law.

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EQUITY

 The emphasis on equity means it is unsurprising that Article 16 of

the UDHR states that
 Men and women of full age, without any limitation due to race,
nationality or religion, have the right to marry and to found a
family. They are entitled to equal rights as to marriage, during
marriage and at its dissolution.

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SOCIAL SECURITY

 The UDHR indicates that everyone, as a member of society, has the

right to social security and
 is entitled to realization, through national effort and international
co-operation and in accordance with the organization and resources
of each State, of the economic, social and cultural rights
indispensable for his dignity and the free development of his
personality.

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LIBERTY

 The UDHR indicates that everyone has the right to "life, liberty
and security of person", with explicit prohibition of slavery. Article
5 indicates that no one shall "be subjected to torture or to cruel,
inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment",

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PRIVACY

 most traditionally in the form of non-interference - is a salient human right. Article

12 of the UDHR for example states that:
 No one shall be subjected to arbitrary interference with his privacy, family, home or
correspondence, nor to attacks upon his honour and reputation. Everyone has the
right to the protection of the law against such interference or attacks.
 UDHR Article 13 stating that everyone has a right to freedom of movement and
residence within the borders of each state, along with the right to leave any country,
including his own, and to return to his country.
 Article 15 should not be arbitrarily deprived of nationality nor denied the right to
change nationality. Everyone has the right to seek and, more contentiously, to enjoy
in other countries asylum from persecution.

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THOUGHT AND
EXPRESSION

 Article 18 indicates that:

 Everyone has the right to freedom of thought, conscience and
religion; this right includes freedom to change his religion or belief,
and freedom, either alone or in community with others and in public
or private, to manifest his religion or belief in teaching, practice,
worship and observance.
 Article 19 of the right to freedom of opinion and expression; this
right includes freedom to hold opinions without interference and to
seek, receive and impart information and ideas through any media
and regardless of frontiers.

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 The UDHR indicates that all have a right to freedom of peaceful assembly and
association; no one may be compelled to belong to an association.

Under Article 21 everyone has the right to

 take part in the government of his country, directly or through freely chosen
representatives
 equal access to public service in his country.
 The UDHR seeks expression of the will of the people as the basis of government
authority through "periodic and genuine elections" on the basis of universal and
equal suffrage. That aspiration has not, alas, been met in roughly half the world.

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LIVELIHOOD

 Consistent with aspirations to realisation of "economic, social and

cultural rights" the UDHR indicates that everyone has the right to
 work, to free choice of employment, to just and favourable
conditions of work and to protection against unemployment.
 equal pay for equal work
 form and to join trade unions for the protection of his interests
 rest and leisure, including reasonable limitation of working hours
and periodic holidays with pay

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LIVELIHOOD

 everyone who works has the right to just and favourable

remuneration ensuring for that individual and family "an existence
worthy of human dignity". That remuneration should be
"supplemented, if necessary, by other means of social protection",
 everyone has the right to a standard of living adequate for the
health and well-being of himself and of his family, including food,
clothing, housing and medical care and necessary social services,
and the right to security in the event of unemployment, sickness,
disability, widowhood, old age or other lack of livelihood in
circumstances beyond his control.

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 EDUCATION, CULTURE, CREATIVITY
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 Article 26 of the UDHR identifies a salient right to education,

"directed to the full development of the human personality".

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 INTERNATIONAL COVENANT ON
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CIVIL AND POLITICAL RIGHTS, 1976

 The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights

(ICCPR ) is a United Nations treaty based on the
Universal Declaration of Human Rights, created in 1966 and
entered into force on 23 March 1976. Nations that have signed
this treaty are bound by it.
 The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights is
monitored by the Human Rights Committee , elected by
member states,

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CONVENTION
PROVISIONS
 Five categories
 Protection on individual's physical integrity (against things such as execution, torture, and arbitrary
arrest).
 Procedural fairness in law (rule of law, rights upon arrest, trial, basic conditions must be met when
imprisoned, rights to a lawyer, impartial process in trial).
 Protection based on gender, religious, racial or other forms of discrimination.
 Individual freedom of belief, speech, association, freedom of press, right to hold assembly.
 Right to political participation (organise a political party, vote, voice contempt for current political
authority).
 Two optional protocols
 Mechanism by which individuals can launch complaints against member states.
 Abolition of the death penalty.

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TERRORISM

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TERRORISM

 Terrorist acts may occur during armed conflicts or in time of peace.

As international humanitarian law applies only in situations of
armed conflict, it does not regulate terrorist acts committed in
peacetime.
 In addition to an express prohibition of all acts aimed at spreading
terror among the civilian population (Art. 51, para. 2, Protocol I;
and Art. 13, para. 2, Protocol II).

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TERRORISM

 attacks on civilians and civilian objects (Arts. 51, para. 2, and 52, Protocol I; and
Art. 13, Protocol II);
 indiscriminate attacks (Art. 51, para. 4, Protocol I);
 attacks on places of worship (Art. 53, Protocol I; and Art. 16, Protocol II);
 attacks on works and installations containing dangerous forces (Art. 56, Protocol
I; and Art. 15, Protocol II);
 the taking of hostages (Art. 75, Protocol I; Art. 3 common to the four
Conventions; and Art. 4, para. 2b, Protocol II);
 murder of persons not or no longer taking part in hostilities (Art. 75, Protocol I;
Art. 3 common to the four Conventions; and Art. 4, para. 2a, Protocol II).

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TERRORISM

 Crimes Against Humanity It has been argued that the fact that the
typical terrorist attack is not generally a widespread or systematic
attack probably means that many acts of terrorism would not be
found to qualify as a crime against humanity, even though a
terrorist act often involves murder or other attack directed against
a civilian population.
 Even if it does , there is some difficulty pinpointing at which stage
it becomes widespread enough to constitute such a crime.

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WAR ON TERROR

 1937 – League of Nations – Convention on the Prevention and

Punishment of Terrorism.
 Never entered into force due to World War.

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GENOCIDE

 Genocide Terrorist acts encompass many of the same elements

that the Rome Statute proscribes under its definition of Genocide,
such as killing or causing serious bodily or mental harm to
members of a specific group of people.

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WAR CRIMES

 War Crimes – War crimes can involve various different acts. However
there must an Armed Conflict of an International Character or non-
international Character –
 “armed conflicts not of an international character” does not include
situations of internal disturbances and tensions, such as riots,
isolated and sporadic acts of violence or other acts of a similar
nature.
 “Intentionally directing attacks against the civilian
population/individual civilians/civilian objects/personnel installations
etc involved in humanitarian assistance. [See ICC statute Article 5].

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 PROSECUTOR V. GALIC (CASE NO.
60
IT-98-29-T) (DECEMBER 5, 2003)

 where General Galic was convicted of Violations of the Laws or

Customs of War (acts of violence the primary purpose of which is
to spread terror among the civilian population, as set forth in
Article 51 of Additional Protocol I to the Geneva Conventions of
1949) under Article 3 of the Statute of the Tribunal.
 The conviction was connected with conducting a campaign of
sniping and shelling attacks on the civilian population of Sarajevo,
causing death and injury to civilians, with the primary purpose of
spreading terror among the civilian population between
September 1992 and August 1994.

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JURISDICTION

 (a) War Crimes – there must be an international or non-

international conflict
 (b) Crimes against Humanity/Genocide involve questions of scale
and
 magnitude, systemisation, and organisation which might not
catch manifestation of modern “international terrorism”
 (c) These crimes have not been designed to catch global
terrorism in the form in which it may more routinely manifest
itself.

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INTERNATIONAL
CRIME

 The behaviour must be universally recognised as/agreed to be

criminal;
 - The behaviour must be recognised as/agreed to be a
 (a) grave/serious matter/crime
 (b) be a crime of international concern;

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INTERNATIONAL
CRIME

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NUCLEAR TERRORISM
CONVENTION, 2005

 Nuclear Terrorism..\ICC\financing concention - 1999.pdf Convention:

International Convention for the Suppression of Acts of Nuclear Terrorism,
2005.
 The Nuclear Terrorism Convention calls for states to develop appropriate
legal frameworks criminalizing nuclear terrorism-related offenses, investigate
alleged offenses, and, as appropriate, arrest, prosecute, or extradite
offenders. 
 It also calls for international cooperation with nuclear terrorism investigations
and prosecutions, through information-sharing, extradition and the transfer
of detainees to assist with foreign investigations and prosecutions. 

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NUCLEAR TERRORISM
CONVENTION, 2005

 While its initial Russian draft was proposed in 1997, the Nuclear
Terrorism Convention is the first anti-terrorism convention
adopted since the attacks of Sept. 11, 2001. 
 The treaty opens for signature Sept. 14, 2005 and enters into
force thirty days after it is signed and ratified by at least 22 states. 

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THANK YOU

RGSOIPL, IIT Kharagpur

KDR/IIT KGP/RGSOIPL/-2008