Professional Documents
Culture Documents
• Heme synthesis
• Synthesis of purines forms positions 4,
5, 7 of the purine ring
• Constituent of glutathione
• Conjugates with cholic acid to form
glycocholic acid
• Conjugates with benzoic acid to form
hippuric acid
• Synthesis of creatine
Alanine
Functions:
1. Activate myosin ATPase
activity.
2. Chelate copper and enhance
copper uptake.
Cont.
Carnosine N-methyltransferase
Carnosine + SAM SAH
+ Anserine
Cont.
Degradation:
Carnosinase
• CNS dipeptide
• Related structurally &metabolically
to carnosine but is present in human
brain at levels 100x higher than
carnosine levels
• Synthesis in brain tissue is catalyzed
by carnosine synthetase
Structure of Homocarnosine
Serine, threonine & tyrosine
• Biosynthesis of sphingosine
• Purines & pyrimidines
ß-carbon of ser provides methyl
groups of thymine (& of choline)
and of carbons 2 & 8 of purines.
Methionine
NO synthase
• DNA stabilization
• Packaging of DNA in bacteriophage
• Exert diverse effects in protein
synthesis
• Inhibit protein kinases
• L-ornithine - precursor of
putrescine portion of spermine &
spermidine
• SAM - precursor of
diaminopropane portion
Cont.
Enzymes:
1. Ornithine decarboxylase & SAM
decarboxylase - inducible enzymes
w/ short half-lives
2. Spermine & Spermidine synthases
- are neither inducible nor
unusually labile enzymes.
Ornithine decarboxylase
• Cofactor: pyruvate
• Half life 1-2 hours
• Responds to promoters of cell
growth
• Inhibited by decarboxylated SAM
• Activated by putrescine
Polyamine degradation
• Polyamine oxidase, of liver peroxisomes,
oxidizes spermine to spermidine;
subsequently oxidizes
spermidine to putrescine.
• Putrescine oxidizes to NH4 + CO2.
• Both aminopropane is converted to ß-
aminopropionaldehyde.
• Forms serotonin
Synthesis/Reactions:
1. Hydroxylation of trp to 5-OHtrp,
catalyzed by liver tyrosine
hydroxylase
2. Decarboxylation of 5-OHtrp forms
serotonin(5-hydroxytryptamine)
Synthesis of Serotonin
Serotonin
• Potent vasoconstrictor
• Stimulator of smooth muscle
contraction
• Catabolism initiated by monoamine
oxidase-catalyzed oxidative
deamination to 5-
hydroxyindoleacetate, excreted in
the urine (2-8mg/d)
Cont.
Reactions:
• N-acetylation
• O-methylation