V Apoptosis is a complex mechanism by which cell undergo

its own destruction to control the process of cell

proliferation or it can be due to in response of DNA
damage.
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V Ú
.

V Bcl.

V Caspases
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6 





  


 
V Ãhrink

V Develop bubble-like blebs on their surface

V Have the chromatin (DNA and protein) in their nucleus degraded

V Have their mitochondria break down with the release of cytochrome c

V Break into small, membrane-wrapped, fragments called

Apoptic bodies

V Release energy in the form of ATÚ and UTÚ.

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The formation of gap between the fingers and toes of the fetus
requires the removal of tissue by apoptosis.
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V Cells infected with viruses

V Cells with DNA damage

V Cancer cells
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6 
V Ãome viruses associated with cancers use tricks to prevent
apoptosis of the cells they have transformed.

V Ãeveral human papilloma viruses (HÚ) have been implicated in

causing cervical cancer. One of them produces a protein (E6)
that binds and inactivates the apoptosis promoter p
.

V Epstein-Barr irus (EB), the cause of mononucleosis and

associated with some lymphoma so produces a protein similar to
Bcl-2o produces another protein that causes the cell to increase
its own production of Bcl-2. Both these actions make the cell
more resistant to apoptosis.
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V Ãome B-cell leukemia's and lymphomas express high levels of

Bcl-2, thus blocking apoptotic signals they may receive.

V Melanoma (the most dangerous type of skin cancer) cells avoid

apoptosis by inhibiting the expression of the gene encoding
Apaf-1.
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V 

 
  
 
 

    
 

 




 

V  
  


    


î

V Cooper,G.M., Hausman,R.E., (2009). Úrogrammed call death. In.

The cell A molecular approach. ( th Ed), AÃM press, Newyork,
69
Ȃ 70 .

V Kindt, T.J., Goldby, R.A., and Osborne, B. A., (2007).

Úrogrammed cell death is an essential homeostatic mechanism.
In. Immunology. (6th Ed), W.H. Freeman and company,
Newyork, 26-28.
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