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More than 280,000 species of plants
inhabit the earth today
Although some are aquatic, most are
terrestrial: deserts, grasslands, forests

Land plants evolved from certain green

algae called ˜
 ˜

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Ghere are four main groups of land
plants: ð  ,  
  ,
  , and

 

  : mosses; distinguished from

algae by advances that allow for life on
land
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  : ferns; contain vascular
tissue (transport water and food);
Ơseedless plantsơ
è  : conifers; Ơnaked seedơ
(seeds are not enclosed in a special
chamber)
: consists of a plant embryo packaged
with food and a protective coat
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¢
 : flowering plants;
Ơcontainer seedơ; most modern-day
plants

algal ancestors [ bryophytes [ vascular

plants [ the origin of seeds [ the
evolution of flowers
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|harophyceans are the green algae most
closely related to land plants
Plasma membranes contain  
˜ 

˜ 
- synthesize the cellulose of cell walls
Same enzymes in 
  that help
minimize the loss of product due to
photorespiration
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Several terrestrial adaptations distinguish
land plants from charophycean algae
- growth in length is from

˜


  
- multicellular, dependent embryos
- alteration of generations:

    and   
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Ghere are other adaptations that are
common in many land plants
Adaptations for water conservation:
- formation of a cuticle
- stomata contain guard cells
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Adaptations for water transport:
Except for bryophytes, land plants have
true roots, stems, and leaves with
vascular tissue
-  : carry water and minerals up
from root
-   : distribute sugars and amino
acids throughout the plant
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Land plants evolved from charophycean
algae over 500 mya
- chloroplasts: chlorophyll b and beta-
carotene
- homologous cell walls
- peroxisomes
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Alteration of generations in plants may
have adapted by delayed meiosis
|harophycean zygote undergoes meiosis
to produce haploid spores
Plant zygote undergoes mitosis to
produce a multicellular sporophyte to
produce haploid spores by meiosis
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Adaptations to shallow water preadapted
plants for living on land
- natural selection would favor those
that could withstand occasional drying
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^ryophytes are represented by 3 phyla:
—
 
(liverwarts),
¢ ˜ 
(hornworts), and
ð 
(mosses)
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Ghe gametophyte is the dominant
generation in the life cycle of
bryophytes
- sporophytes are typically smaller and
present only part of the time
- up to 50 million spores can be
generated in one spore capsule
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Mosses are able to exist in very harsh
climates
- able to loose most of their body water
without dying, then rehydrate later
^ryophytes were the only plants on earth
for 100 million years
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Modern vascular plants include ferns
(pteridophytes), gymnosperms, and
flowering plants (angiosperms)

Differ from bryophytes

- contain phloem and xylem
- dominant sporophyte generation
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2 phyla of seedless vascular plants:
phylum Lycophyta and phylum
Pterophyta (ferns)

Pteridophytes provide clues to the

evolution of roots and leaves
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Most pteridophytes have true roots with
lignified vascular tissue
Lycophytes have small leaves with only a
single unbranched vein; known as

˜ 
- modern leaves are known as

 
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A sporophyte-dominant life cycle evolved
in seedless vascular plants
—  plants: produce one type
of spore
—  plants: produce
megaspores (female) and microspores
(male)
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