Professional Documents
Culture Documents
measured in volts.
The more positive the reduction potential
difference is, the easier the redox reaction
Work can be derived from the transfer of
electrons and the ETS
can be used to synthesize ATP.
The reduction potential can be
related to free energy change by:
Gº = -nFEº
Substrate-Level
Phosphorylation:
Energy and phosphate are
transferred to ADP using an
enzyme, to form ATP.
Phosphate comes from one
of the intermediate
molecules produced from
the breakdown of glucose.
Glycolysis
Glucose 2 Pyruvate
2 ATP 4 ATP (Net 2 ATP)
2 NADH
Inhibitors
in green
In-depth Summary of the Site
Components
Complex 1
Has NADH binding site
– NADH reductase activity
NADH - NAD+
– NADH ---> FMN--->FeS---> ubiquinone
– ubiquinone ---> ubiquinone H2
– 4 H+ pumped/NADH
Nicotinamide
NAD+/NADH
NADP+/NADPH
Never covalently bound- freely diffusible
Reaction at Enzyme
+
reduced substrate + NAD(P)
+
oxidized substrate + NAD(P)H + H
succinate ---FAD—ubiquinone
– Contains coenzyme Q
– FADH2 binding site
FAD reductase activity
FADH2 -- FAD
For NADH, one of two entry points
into the electron transport chain:
Riboflavin = ring
+ ribitol
Reduced form = FADH2
Transfer 2 H atoms with 2e-
or 2H
Reaction
AH2 + E-FMN = A +E-FMNH2
Coenzyme Q = Ubiquinone
2H++2e
Coenzyme Q
Coenzyme Q
Complex III
ubiquinone - ubiquinone ox
while cyt C gets reduced
Also contains cytochromes b
– proton pump 4H+
Adds to gradient
– 8 H+ / NADH
– 4 H+ / FADH2
Cytochromes - proteins in ETS
Carry electrons
Contain heme
or heme-like group
Heme is based on
porphyrins with iron
in center, usually
as Fe(II), and is tightly
bound at sides,
sometimes covalently
Contrast heme in cytochromes &
hemoglobin
--For cytochrome heme,
http://courses.cm.utexas.edu/jrobertus/ch339k/overheads-3/ch19_glycerol-shuttle.jpg
Glycerol phosphate shuttle
In muscle and brain
Each NADH converted to FADH2
inside mitochondrion
– FADH2 enters later in the electron
transport chain
– Produces 1.5 ATP
Total ATP per glucose in muscle
and brain
Gycerol phosphate shuttle
– 2 NADH per glucose - 2 FADH2
– 2 FADH2 X 1.5 ATP / FADH2……….3.0 ATP
– 2 ATP in glycoysis ……………………2.0
ATP
– From pyruvate and Krebs
12.5 ATP X 2 per glucose ……………..25.0 ATP
Monomers may be
further broken down into
intermediate molecules
before entering different
parts of Cell respiration
to ultimately form ATP.
Review ATP Production:
1) Glycolysis → 2 ATP
2) Oxidation of Pyruvate → No ATP
3) The Krebs Cycle → 2 ATP
4) The Electron Transport Chain and
Chemiosmotic Phosphorylation:
– Each NADH produces 2-3 ATP so 10
NADH → 28 ATP
– Each FADH2 produces 2 ATP so 2
FADH2 → 4 ATP
Total = 36 ATP