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EFFECT OF PLANTING METHODS

AND SPACINGS ON GROWTH AND


YIELD OF COTTON

GURTEJ SINGH CHEEMA


(L-2003-A-3-M)
COTTON THE KING OF FIBRES

• Industrial commodity of worldwide


importance
• Grown for fibre, fuel and edible oil
• Provides 65-70% raw material for
textile industry
• Employment generator (Provides 200-
man-days/ha of employment).
RECENT CRISIS IN COTTON

• Rising cost of production


• Heavy insect/pest attack
• Heavy use of pesticides
• Cultivation of nondescript varieties
• Shortage of certified seed
• Inadequate price support system
Today, I will discuss with you the
two important aspects of cotton
production
• Planting methods
• Spacing
PLANTING METHODS

Planting methods play a very important role in


crop productivity by affecting the crop
establishment. Planting methods may vary from
place to place keeping in view the soil, climatic and
water availability conditions of a particular area.
Various planting methods include
1. Flat bed method
2. Raised bed method
3. Furrow method
4. Ridge Method
5. Crowbar method
6. Transplanting method
FLAT BED METHOD
• Conventional / Normal sowing method
• Most commonly used method
• Bullock (or) Tractor operated drills used
for sowing.
• Flood irrigation is used
RAISED BED METHOD
• Sowing on beds made at a height above the field
surface.
• Commonly used technique in crops like Wheat,
Soybean, Gram and Maize etc.
• New technique for cotton planting
• Improves water distribution, WUE, FUE.
• Facilitates ease in mechanical weeding besides
improving soil physical structure.
• Crop escapes from waterlogging during rainy season
• Possibility for Broadbed and controlled traffic farming
37.5 CM

30.0 CM

NORMAL RAISED BEDS


105.0 CM

30.0 CM

BROADBEDS
FURROW METHOD

• Sowing in furrows
• Hills are marked at appropriate
distances
• More efficient use of inputs
• Leads to proper seedlings
establishment
• Higher soil moisture content at
sowing than ridge, FIRBS
RIDGE METHOD

• Better crop establishment


• Improve water use efficiency
• Crop escapes from waterlogging
CROWBAR METHOD
• Involves making holes at marked hills by
using Crowbar
• Holes of 15 cm depth and 10 cm diameter
are made
• Holes are filled with either wheat straw or
FYM and mixed with BHC 10% in 25:1 ratio
• Two seeds sown at each hill 5 cm away and
then covered with soil.
• Each hill is watered daily till establishment
of the seedlings
• Commonly used in Maharashtra and
adjoining region
TRANSPLANTING METHOD

• Seedlings raised in tubes (or) Polythene


bags
• Tubes/bags are filled with soil & FYM
(2:1)
• Tubes/bags are watered daily till
establishment of seedlings
• Saving of costly seed
• Timely crop establishment after wheat
• Crop escapes from crust formation
resulting from showers
April 20 Transplanting April 20 Direct Sown
PERFORMANCE OF COTTON UNDER
FLAT AND FIRB SYSTEM
Planting Bolls/plant Yield (kg/ha)
system
Flat Bed 28.80 2304
FIRBS 28.60 2216

Kharub & Chauhan (2002)


Karnal
2nd International Agronomy Congress, New Delhi
Nov. 26-30, 2002
EFFECT OF LAND CONFIGURATION ON GROWTH
AND YIELD ATTRIBUTES OF COTTON

Land Monopod Sympodial No. of Wt. of Yield


configur ial branches/ Bolls/ seed (kg/ha)
ation branches plant plant cotton/
/ plant (opened) plant (g)
Flat Bed 2.76 15.94 18.05 54.15 1455
Ridges 2.66 16.27 18.72 56.65 1507
SEd .07 .08 .25 .03 21.2

Dangore et al (2001)
Nagpur
N-L, P-M, K-H Soils and Crop Journal 11 (2) : 219-222
Soil- M Black pH-8.3
EFFECT OF PLANTING METHODS ON DRY
MATTER AND SEED COTTON YIELD (kg/ha)
Planting Method
Dry matter Seed cotton
(kg/ha) yield (kg/ha)
Normal sowing 1773.3 1065.6
Crowbar 2435.6 1514.4
method
Transplanting 2098.9 1213.3
Ridges 1954.4 1154.4
CD (P=0.05) 336.61 221.70
Pundarikakshudu et al (1992)
N-L, P-M, K-H Nagpur
pH-8.1 J Agric Sci 62 (4) :263-67
EFFECT OF PLANTING AND IRRIGATION METHODS ON SEED
COTTON YIELD AND WATER USE PARAMETERS
Treatments Seed Irrigation Profile Total Water Use
cotton water water water efficiency
yield applied depletion expense (kg ha-1 cm-
(kg/ha) (cm) (cm) (cm) 1
)
M1 Conv. Planting
(75 cm) + flood 1960 40.4 12.7 82.4 26.1
irrigation
M2 – Ridge/furrow
(75 cm) planting –
1982 30.1 11.3 71.1 32.0
irrigation each
furrow
M3-Ridge/ furrow
(75 cm) planting +
1990 23.3 12.2 65.0 35.7
irrigation
alternative furrow
M4 – Paired row,
ridge and furrows
(150 cm) + 2010 24.4 9.2 63.7 36.7
irrigation each
furrow
Aujla et al (1991)
Arid Soil Research & Rehabitelation 5: 225-34
EFFECT OF PLANTING METHODS ON SEED
COTTON YIELD

Planting method Seed cotton yield


(q/ha)
Bed Planting 23.5
Flat planting 21.5
CD (p=0.05) NS
Dhillon et al 2000
Ludhiana
15th Conference of Intl. Tillage Research
Organization, Texas, USA
EFFECT OF PLANTING METHODS,
ON SEED COTTON YIELD
Planting method Seed cotton yield
(q/ha)
Bed 22.0
Furrow 13.3
Flat 17.5
Deol
Ludhiana (Unpublished)
SPACING
• Connected with root development, plant
growth and fruit formation
• Optimum number of plants per unit area
must be sown to get potential yields
• Too high or too low plant densities result in
yield reduction
• Closer spacing causes competition between
plants and increased pest and disease attack
• Wider spacing avoids plants from taking full
use of soil, light, air and other inputs
EFFECT OF SPACING ON SEED COTTON YIELD
AND YIELD ATTRIBUTING CHARACTERS
Spacing Boll weight Bolls/ Plant Seed
(cm) (g) plant height cotton
(cm) yield
(kg/ha)
67.5 x 15 3.54 25.11 130.0 1522

67.5 x 30 3.54 26.04 123.5 1600

67.5 x 45 3.54 26.46 128.0 1398

CD NS NS NS NS
(P=0.05)

Nehra and Chandra (2001)


N-L, P-M, K-H Sri Ganganagar
Cotton Res J 15 (2) : 147-150
EFFECT OF SPACING ON YIELD AND
GROWTH OF COTTON

Spacing Boll /plant Boll weight Plant Seed


(cm) (g) height cotton
(cm) yield
(kg/ha)
60 x 15 17.02 2.64 78.72 1026

60 x 30 22.66 2.73 74.76 825

60 x 45 25.60 2.84 75.97 695

CD 0.65 NS NS 117
(P=0.05)

N-L, P-M, K-M Sharma et al (2001)


Khandwa
Cotton Res J15 (2) : 151-53
SEED COTTON YIELD OF HYBRID DHB-105
AS INFLUENCED BY SPACING
Spacing (cm) Seed cotton yield (kg/ha)

60 x 60 1728

90 x 60 1761

120 x 60 1770

CD (P=0.05) NS
Hallikeri et al (2002)
Soil-Deep Black Siruguppa
Cotton Res J16 (2) : 147-48
EFFECT OF SPACING ON SEED COTTON
YIELD (kg/ha)

Spacing (cm) Seed cotton yield (kg/ha)

75 x 30 1496

75 x 15 1430

90 x 30 1475

90 x 15 1403
Hallikeri & Halemani (2002)
Siruguppa
Cotton Res J16 (2) : 184-85
GROWTH AND YIELD OF A COTTON AS
AFFECTED BY DIFFERENT SPACINGS
Spacings Plant Bolls/ Bolls Seed cotton
(cm) height plant weight yield (kg/ha)
(cm) (g)
70 x 20 131.5 16.6 3.6 2200
70 x 30 123.2 17.1 3.6 2370
70 x 40 117.0 17.4 3.5 2000
70 x 50 115.2 18.3 3.6 2040
100 x 20 129.3 18.4 3.5 1850
100 x 30 124.9 18.9 3.4 1850
100 x 40 121.3 20.1 3.6 1630
100 x 50 116.2 22.3 3.6 1540
LSD 7.3 4.1 NS 470
(P=0.005)
Deol and Brar (2003)Ludhiana
J Cotton Res & Dev Assoc17 (2) : 247-48
EFFECT OF DIFFERENT INTER-AND INTRA-ROW
SPACINGS, ON NUMBER OF BOLLS AND SEED COTTON
YIELD OF DESI VARIETIES (LUDHIANA)

Spacing LD-327 LD-694


(cm)
Bolls/ Yield Bolls/ Yield
plant (kg/ha) plant (kg/ha)
67.5 x 30 18.0 1160 18.5 1288

67.5 x 40 19.8 1024 17.6 1277

67.5 x 60 17.8 919 16.0 1161

100 x 30 18.0 926 17.5 1259

100 x 45 20.2 923 19.8 1072

100 x 60 19.5 734 21.6 1071


Brar et al (2002)
CD (P=0.05 = NS) Ludhiana
Contd………..
EFFECT OF DIFFERENT INTER-AND INTRA-ROW SPACINGS, ON
NUMBER OF BOLLS AND SEED COTTON YIELD OF DESI VARIETIES
(ABOHAR)
Spacing LD-327 LD-694
(cm)
Bolls/plan Yield Bolls/plan Yield
t (kg/ha) t (kg/ha)
67.5 x 30 22.2 2028 21.4 2294
67.5 x 40 25.0 1811 23.0 2477
67.5 x 60 24.4 2023 23.3 2652
100 x 30 23.0 1940 25.1 2221
100 x 45 23.1 1916 24.4 2324
100 x 60 22.6 1619 24.0 2230
CD (P=0.05 = NS) Brar et al (2002)
Abohar
SEED COTTON YIELD OF DESI COTTON AS
AFFECTED BY DIFFERENT PLANT SPACINGS
Spacing (cm) Total seed cotton yield (q/ha)

2003 2004

30 26.1 30.7

45 25.5 30.7

60 21.3 27.2

LSD (P=0.05) 2.4 2.9

Annual Reports, Deptt of Agron & Agromet


EFFECT OF PLANT SPACING ON GROWTH, YIELD
AND YIELD ATTRIBUTES OF HIRSUTUM COTTON
Spacing Seed cotton Boll weight Bolls/plant Plant height
(cm) yield (g) (cm)
(kg/ha)
67.5 x 30 2178 3.10 37.66 152.70

67.5 x 45 2227 3.38 45.36 149.40

CD (P=0.05 NS 0.17 4.42 NS

Nehra and Kumawat (2003)


Sriganganagar
J Cotton Res Dev 17 (1) : 41-42
EFFECT OF DIFFERENT INTRA ROW SPACINGS ON YIELD
AND RELATED CHARACTERS OF HIRSUTUM COTTON

Spacing Plant Bolls/plant Boll weight Seed cotton


(cm) height (cm) (g) yield
(kg/ha)
67.5 x 30 161 16.8 3.48 1501

67.5 x 45 147 22.6 3.40 1387

CD NS 3.6 NS NS
(P=0.05)

Singh et al (2003)
Faridkot
J Cotton Res Dev 17 (2) : 249
EFFECT OF SPACING ON GROWTH, YIELD AND
YIELD PARAMETERS OF UPLAND COTTON

Spacing Plant Bolls/ Boll Seed


(cm) height Plant weight (g) cotton
(cm) yield
(kg/ha)
60 x 30 85.98 18.20 3.12 887

60 x 45 87.04 23.05 2.86 883

60 x 60 86.37 24.95 2.87 863

Tomar et al (2000)
N-L, P-L, K-H Indore
Indian J Agron 45 (4) : 776-81
EFFECT OF SPACING ON YIELD
ATTRIBUTES AND SEED COTTON YIELD
Spacing (cm) No. of Boll Seed cotton
bolls/plant Wight (g) yield (kg/ha)
60 x 15 10.9 3.19 1488

60 x 30 12.9 3.04 1381

60 x 45 13.3 2.99 1249

CD (P=0.05) 1.1 0.09 65


Srinivasan et al (2001)
Tamil Nadu
N-M, P-M, K-H Madras Agric J 88 (10-12) : 689-90
EFFECT OF PLANT SPACING ON COTTON
Spacing Plant Bolls/ Boll Seed
(cm) height Plant weight (g) cotton
(cm) (opened) yield
(kg/ha)
67.5 X 15 127.80 15.20 3.440 16.90

67.5 X 30 124.50 20.90 3.470 19.10

67.5 x 45 117.90 23.50 3.480 14.80

CD 3.29 0.82 NS 1.22


(P=0.05)
Brar et al (2002)
N-L, P-M, K-M
Ludhiana
J Res P A U
EFFECT OF SPACING ON GROWTH, YIELD
PARAMETERS AND SEED-COTTON YIELD
Spacing Plant Bolls/ Boll Seed
(cm) height Plant weight (g) cotton
(cm) (opened) yield
(kg/ha)
60 x 10 77.0 18.7 4.2 18.7

60 x 20 78.3 20.4 4.5 20.4

60 x 30 77.9 19.6 4.6 19.6

CD NS 0.54 0.02 0.88


(P=0.05)
N-L, P-M, K-M Prasad and Prasad (1993)
New Delhi
Indian J Agron 38 (4) : 606-608
Seed cotton yield (q/ha) of American
cotton as affected by plant spacings
Spacing 2001 2002 2003
(cm)
30 19.8 27.1 20.4
45 19.1 25.9 18.5
60 18.3 27.1 18.5
LSD NS NS NS
(p=0.05)
Annual Progress Reports
Department of Agronomy & Agromet
Beds made dry then irrigated for settlement
Normal flat bed sowing
Beds made at optimum moisture
Furrow method
Sowing on dry beds followed by irrigation
Seed cotton yield of American cotton as affected by planting
methods and spacings
Treatment Seed Cotton Yield (q/ha)
Planting methods
Sowing on dry beds followed by 31.8
irrigation
Sowing on beds at optimum moisture 29.4
Sowing on beds made dry and then 32.1
irrigated for settlement
Furrow planting 32.6
Flat planting 34.1
LSD (p=0.05) NS
Spacings (cm)
45 31.1
60 32.9
75 32.1
LSD (p=0.05) NS
CONCLUSIONS

• FIRBS due to its numerous advantages is being


adopted in many crops. In cotton too if
recommended it may result in saving of
resources.
• Transplanting of cotton can also prove beneficial
for establishing an early crop and for saving on
costly seeds.
• A. cotton varieties do well at wider spacings
whereas desi varieties require relatively closer
spacing.
• Hybrids require still wider spacing.

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