Membrane

Functions- I
“osmosis, active transport, ion
channels and ion pumps”

Presented by:-
Apurva Patel
Sem- VI

M.Sc.Biotechnology
contents
 Introduction
 Functions
 Permeability of membrane
 Transport across membrane
 Passive transport
 Osmosis
 Ion channels
 Carrier protiens
 Active transport
 Summary
Introduction

All cells have a plasma or cell membrane, which contains the

cell. Scanning electron micrograph (SEM) of adipocytes (Ad)
Introduction

Prokaryotic cell- bacteria

Membrane functions
Permeability of membrane
Transport across membrane
1. Passive transport
1. Diffusion of water (Osmosis)
2. Diffusion of ions (Ion channels)
3. Faciliated diffusion (Carrier proteins)
2. Active transport
1. Primary active transport
1. ATP Driven
1. P type
2. V type
3. ABC Transporter
2. Light Driven
1. bacteriorhodopsin
2. Secondary active transport
1. Ion Gradient
Passive Transport
(Diffusion)
“ Transport of solutes from a region of higher
concentration to the region of lower concentration till
both the concentration becomes the same”
 Depends on random thermal motion of solutes
 An exergonic process driven by an increase in entropy.

∆ G= RT Ln [Ci]/[Co]
Where,
∆ G= free energy change
T= temperature
R= gas constant
[Ci]/[Co]= concentration of solute inside/concentration of
solutes outside
Diffusion of water=
“Osmosis”
“Osmosis is the passive transport of water”
 Water moves readily through a semi permeable
membrane from a region of lower solute
concentration to a region of higher solute
concentration. This process is called as osmosis.
Osmotic Shock
“Osmosis in Pocket Switch
Networks (PSNs)”
 Osmosis for file sharing!!!
 This scheme forwards lookups in an epidemic
fashion & then take advantage of the traces
left behind to route reply messages.
 By analogy to the natural phenomenon of
osmosis in biology, those traces represent
the solute & define the potential of nodes
over the network.
 The reply messages then flow towards high
potential areas, closer & closer to the
original lookup sender.
Diffusion of ions = “Ion
Channels”
 In 1995, Alan Hodgkin & Richard
Keynes first proposed that cell
membrane contain ion channels.
 Ion channels are transmembrane
protien that function as selective pores
through which molecules or ions can
diffuse across the membrane.
 About 1 billion ions/sec are
transported through each channel.
 Have Gates that open & close.
Classification of ion channels
 Ligand gated channels
Nicotinic Acetylcholine receptor
 Voltage gated channels
K+ ion channel
KcsA
Kv
 Second messenger gated channels
G-protiens
 Mechanosensitive channels
Movements of streocilia on hair cells 0f inner ear
 Gap junctions, porins not gated
Nicotine Acetylcholine
receptor
Potassium ion channels
The Transient Receptor
Potential (TRP) Ion
channels
 TRP shows diverse biophysical properties &
gating mechanism.
 Were found to play an important role in
sensory physiology, being involved in almost
every sensory signal initiation from pain
sensation to the 5 senses.
 Plays a major role in the transepithelial Ca+2 &
Mg+2 transport.
 Eg. TRPC1 & TRPA1--- Mechanosensitive
TRPV4 --- thermo sensitive
Diseases causes due to
defects in ion channel
 Cystic fibrosis (CFTR)

 Liddle’s syndrome ( ENac)

 Long-Qt
syndrome
(KVLQTI)
Faciliated diffusion = “carrier
molecules”
Carrier proteins don’t have pores!!!
 The substance being transported is initially bound to a
specific site on carrier protein.
 This causes conformational changes in protein which
expose the substance to the solution on other side of
membrane & finally it dissociates from protein.
 This passive carrier mediated transport is called as
faciliated diffusion.
 Eg. Glucose transporter.
Glucose transporter

Humans have atleast 5 isoforms of glucose

transporter.
These isoforms termed as GLUT1 to GLUT5
are distinguished by the tissues in which they
are located.
Difference between passive &
active transport
Active Transport
 “Protein mediated transport of molecules across the cell
membrane against a concentration medium”
 Of 2 types
 Primary
 secondary
Primary active transport
 Coupled directly to source of energy
like
 Protein that carry out primary active
transport are called pumps!!!
 2 types
ATP Driven
P type
V type
ABC transporter
Light driven
bacteriorhodopsin
P class ion pumps
 Use ATP hydrolysis to create ion gradients
 required for function of ion channels and cation
 coupled carriers
 ATP hydrolysis provides the energy that drives
the pump
 Use high energy ATP intermediate
V Class ion pumps
 Use ATP energy to move protons from cytosol
into organelles (lysosomes)
 Generally function to maintain the low pH of
acidic vesicles
 Protons flow against the gradient !!!
ABC Transporter
 Largest transport ATPase family
(> 50 members)
 Contains four domains: two
hydrophobic domains each with
six transmembrane span (function
to translocate) and two ATP-
binding cassettes (ABC)
 In procaryotes, the transporter
locates in the inner membrane
to carry nutrients into the cell
 The counterpart of the
eucaryotic: multidrug resistance
(MDR) protein, which produce
resistance to drug.
“Ion pumps as targets for
therapeutic intervention”
 Sodium-potassium pump of
cadiac cells
Diseases------ congestive
heart failure
Cause--------- high force of
concentration due to
increase systolic calcium
indirectly related to sodium
pump inhibition.
Treatment---- blocking of
sodium pump by digoxin.
Secondary Active transport
 Co-transport- a membrane protein couples the transport
of 2 solutes.
 A substance that has been pumped across a membrane can
do work as it leaks back by diffusion.
 Plant cell can uses hydrogen gradeint generated by proton
pumps to drive active transport of amino acids, sugars &
other nutrients.

References
Lehninger_biochemistry
 Cell and molecular biology-gerald karp
 Plant physiology- Taiz & Zeiger
 Cell membrane tranport- Arnost & Karel
 Cell biology LABFAX- Dealtry & Rickwood
 Cell biology for biotchnologist- A.Stanley
 Ion pumps as targets for therapeutic intervention: Old and new paradigms
David S. Perlin; EJB Electronic Journal of Biotechnology ISSN: 0717-3458 Vol.1
No.2, Issue of August 15, 1998.© 1998 by Universidad Católica de Valparaíso –-
Chile
 The Transient Receptor Potential (TRP) Ion Channels A Remarkable Multifunctional
Superfamily Ofra Gohar, Ph.D.
 Mechanisms of Disease FRANKLIN H. EPSTEIN, M.D.,Editor “Ion channels—basic
science and clinical disease”.. Michael J.Ackerman, M,D,Ph,D.. And David E, clapman,
M.D., Ph.D.
 “Osmosis in Pocket Switched Networks “Pan Hui ¤y, J´er´emie Leguayzx, Jon
Crowcroft¤, James Scotty, Timur Friedmanz, Vania Conanx; University of
Cambridge; Intel Research Cambridge; Universit´e Pierre et Marie Curie,
Laboratoire LIP6–CNRS Thales Communications