Overview

Operations Management
Amity Business School
Waste Management
• Waste management market comprises of four
segments –
 Municipal Waste
 Industrial Waste
 Bio-Medical Waste
 Electronic Waste
Overview: E-Waste
• Electronic waste (e-waste) comprises waste
electronics/electrical goods that use or have reached their end
of life.
• E-waste contains valuable materials like copper, silver, gold

which can be processed for their recovery.
• Major portion of e-waste is processed by the informal

(unorganised) sector using rudimentary techniques such as
acid leaching and open-air burning, which results in severe
environmental damage.
Dynamics of E-Waste
• PC sales are almost growing at 16% per annum. Also there is
an installed base of over 25 million units till date.
• The consumer electronics market is growing at the rate of 13-

15 per cent annually having an installed base of 120 million
TVs.
• The cellular subscriber base has already crossed 300 million

mark and is growing rapidly at a high rate.
Issues
Challen
ges
Issues and Challenges

• Unavailability of accurate figures for rapidly increasing e-
waste volumes from home and abroad.
• Low level of awareness among manufacturers and consumers

of the hazards of incorrect e-waste disposal.
• Rudimentary techniques such as acid leaching and open-air

burning, which results in severe environmental damage.
• E-waste workers have little or no knowledge of toxins in e-

waste and are exposed to health hazards.
• Inefficient recycling processes result in substantial losses of

material value and resources.
• Cherry-picking by recyclers who recover precious metals

(gold, platinum, silver, copper, etc) and improperly dispose of
the rest, posing environmental hazards.
Policies and Regulations

• The hazardous waste (management and handling) rules, 1998
as amended in 2008 for toxic content— registration mandatory
for recyclers.
• Municipal solid waste management and handling rules for
non-toxic content.
• Basel convention for regulating trans-boundary movement.
• Foreign trade policy, which restricts import of second-hand
computers and does not permit import of e-waste.
• Guidelines by Central Pollution Control Board (2008).
E-waste Recycling Technologies
Collection
Dismantling and pre-processing and
End-processing
• In the former 15 European member countries (EU15) the

amount of WEEE generated varies between 3.3 and 3.6 kg
per capita for the period 1990–1999, and is projected to rise
to 3.9–4.3 kg per capita for the period 2000–2010.
• This study assessed only 5 appliances, which covered 25% of

the total WEEE stream of the EU15.
• The quantity of WEEE generated constitutes one of the fastest

growing waste fractions, accounting for 8% of all municipal
waste .
• China, India and other countries have recently adjusted their

laws to fight e-waste imports. However, being large producers
of EEE (China manufactures for instance 90% of the global
CRT production), these countries should recognize their
inherent interest in closing material cycles and obtaining
access to the raw materials in the e-waste streams.
Estimation methods of E-Waste

1. The de-consumption and use method: Takes the average equipment of
a typical household with electrical and electronic appliances as the basis
for a prediction of the potential amount of WEEE (used in the
Netherlands to estimate the potential amount of WEEE).
2. The market supply method: Uses data about production and sales
figures in a given geographical region (used by the German Electrical
and Electronic Industries Association to estimate WEEE).
3. The Swiss Environmental Agency’s Method: Assumes that private

households are already saturated and for each new appliance bought, an
old one reaches its end-of-life.
Collection
Dismantling and pre-processing
End-processing
Technologies available for dismantling and

pre-processing of e-waste are presented,
according to the different end-of-life device
streams:
 C&F Appliances
 ICT Equipment
 Monitors and TVs.
Cooling and Freezing

Appliances
Refrigerators
Air conditioners
Deep Freezers
• Fully automated shredding and sorting plants

needs
Investment : 2-4 million Euros.
Incoming flow: 3,000-6,000 tons of

appliances per year.
Information Communication Technology

Appliances
• ICT covers any product that will store,

retrieve, manipulate, transmit or receive
information electronically in a digital
form. For example-
Laptops, hard drives, mobile phones,
printers, facsimile, robots etc.
Fully automated plants, which shred and

separate up to 5 tons of material per hour,
require
Investment :1-2 million Euro for a standard

line.
Incoming flows: 5,000-8,000 tons of

appliances per year.
C R T Appliances
Semi-automatic processes ensures a

productivity of nearly 10 units per hour.
Investment needed for a line is between

EUR 0.1 million (second-hand system)
and EUR 0.3 million (new system).
Collection
Dismantling and pre-processing
End-processing
End Process Technologies
For the end-processing of the material fractions

from ICT, C&F and CRT appliances a distinction
has to be made between different material
streams. Each material stream has a specific set
of technologies that can be used to recover the
metals.
• Pyrometallurgy: Uses high temperatures to chemically

convert the feed materials and separate metals and impurities
into different phases so valuable metals can be recovered.
Technical hardware are submerged lance smelters, converters,
rotary furnaces, electric arc furnaces etc.
• Hydrometallurgy: Uses strong acidic or caustic watery

solutions to selectively dissolve and precipitate metals e.g.
leaching, cementation, solvent extraction etc.
• Electro-metallurgy: Uses electrical current to recover metals,

e.g. electro-winning and electro-refining of copper, zinc etc.
• On 28 April 2010 the Government of India Ministry of

Environment and Forests (MoEF) in New Delhi issued a draft
rule on the management and handling of waste Electrical and
electronic equipment.
The draft 'E-waste (Management and Handling) Rule 2010' is
based on the Extended Producer Responsibility principle
• Extended producer responsibility (EPR) is an environmental

policy approach in which a producer’s responsibility for a
product is extended to the post consumer stage of the
product’s life cycle, including its final disposal.
E-waste rules set to raise costs. Forthcoming legislation to

manage electronic waste could
– increase the cost of electronic goods

– consumers to ensure that their discarded computers and defunct
television sets are given away or sold only to authorized scrap dealers
E-waste volume to increase in coming years. India would be

confronted with the threat of accumulation of E-waste in the
coming times.
Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban renewal Mission

• Launched in 2005 to cover 63 cities providing infrastructure facilities
including waste management in all urban areas.
• About 8.8% of the total projects sanctioned under sub mission of JNNURM
had been for Waste Management.
SAV
E
THE
WOR
LD!
Thank You

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Operations Management

Amity Business School

• E-waste contains valuable materials like copper, silver, gold

• Major portion of e-waste is processed by the informal

• The consumer electronics market is growing at the rate of 13-

• The cellular subscriber base has already crossed 300 million

Issues and Challenges

• Low level of awareness among manufacturers and consumers

• Rudimentary techniques such as acid leaching and open-air

• E-waste workers have little or no knowledge of toxins in e-

• Inefficient recycling processes result in substantial losses of

• Cherry-picking by recyclers who recover precious metals

Policies and Regulations

E-waste Recycling Technologies

Dismantling and pre-processing and

• In the former 15 European member countries (EU15) the

• This study assessed only 5 appliances, which covered 25% of

• The quantity of WEEE generated constitutes one of the fastest

• China, India and other countries have recently adjusted their

Estimation methods of E-Waste

3. The Swiss Environmental Agency’s Method: Assumes that private

E-waste Recycling Technologies

Dismantling and pre-processing

Technologies available for dismantling and

Cooling and Freezing

• Fully automated shredding and sorting plants

Investment : 2-4 million Euros.

Incoming flow: 3,000-6,000 tons of

Information Communication Technology

• ICT covers any product that will store,

Fully automated plants, which shred and

Investment :1-2 million Euro for a standard

Incoming flows: 5,000-8,000 tons of

Semi-automatic processes ensures a

Investment needed for a line is between

E-waste Recycling Technologies

Dismantling and pre-processing

End Process Technologies

For the end-processing of the material fractions

• Pyrometallurgy: Uses high temperatures to chemically

• Hydrometallurgy: Uses strong acidic or caustic watery

• Electro-metallurgy: Uses electrical current to recover metals,

• On 28 April 2010 the Government of India Ministry of

• Extended producer responsibility (EPR) is an environmental

E-waste rules set to raise costs. Forthcoming legislation to

– increase the cost of electronic goods

E-waste volume to increase in coming years. India would be

Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban renewal Mission

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