DNA, CHROMOSOMES, GENE

SEL TIDAK AKTIF MEMBELAH

nukleus mengandung kromatin (a tangle of fibers
composed of protein and DNA).
SEL AKTIF MEMBELAH
-DNA mengalami duplikasi via mitosis  sel baru
mendapat kopi semua materi genetik sel "parent".
-Kromatin menata diri menjadi kromosom

molekul DNA

Gen-gen
Genes=individual segments of DNA contain the
instructions needed to direct the synthesis of a protein
 Different organisms differ in their complexity have
different numbers of chromosomes and genes:
- the more complex an organism the more
chromosomes it has
- frog: 26 chromosomes (13 pairs)
- human: 46 chromosomes (23 pairs)
 Tiap kromosom mengandung 1 molekul DNA, pada
manusia berukuran panjang 12 cm
 Semua DNA dalam sel manusia (46 kromosom)
panjangnya 2 m  dikemas dalam inti sel (ukuran: 2-3
mikrometer).
 NUCLEIC ACID
- NA is one of several macromolecules in the body
(in addition to fats, proteins, carbohydrates)
- Like the other mm, NA are polymers made up of
individual monomers linked together in long chains.
- NA = polynucleotides  made up of individual
nucleotides linked together.
- Nucleotide can be broken down to yield 3 components:
a sugar, a nitrogen base, and phosphoric acid.
There are two types of nucleic acids: DNA & RNA.

- DNA stores genetic information, and RNA allows that

information to be made use of in the cell.
- Both DNA & RNA contain nucleotides with similar
components.
- RNA (ribonucleic acid):
the sugar component
is ribose  indicated by the name "ribonucleic
acid".
- DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
the sugar component is
deoxyribose. the prefix deoxy
means that an oxygen atom is missing from one of
 Nucleoside
- Nucleoside is sugar bonds to a nitrogen base
- There are FIVE nitrogen bases that are found in DNA
& RNA (Uracil is found ONLY in RNA!).
- These 5 bases are divided into 2 categories based on
their molecular structure, those are:
1. purines (Adenine and Guanine)
2. pyrimidines (Thymine, Cytosine, and Uracil)

•Bagaimanakah informasi genetik diturunkan dari

generasi ke generasi, or dari sel ke sel?
•Bagaimanakah “serangkaian huruf” (sequence)
menentukan protein apa yang dibuat dalam sel dan
mengarahkan aktivitas sel-sel??
•Jawaban: harus ada mekanisme pengkopian DNA.
 Aliran informasi genetik
Dogma sentral pada genetika molekul:
 Fungsi DNA: menyimpan informasi
 Fungsi RNA: membaca, menterjemahkan dan
menggunakan informasi dari DNA untuk pembuatan
protein
 
Three fundamental processes take place in
the transfer and use of genetic information
1. Replication is the process by which a replica, or
identical copy, of DNA is made. Replication occurs
every time a cell divides so that information can be
preserved and handed down to offspring. This is
similar to making a copy of a file onto a disk so you
can take that file to a different computer.
2. Transcription is the process by which the genetic
messages contained in DNA are "read" or
transcribed. The product of transcription, known as
messenger RNA (mRNA), leaves the cell nucleus
and carries the message to the sites of protein
synthesis.
3. Translation is the process by which the genetic
messages carried by mRNA are decoded and used
THE WATSON-CRICK MODEL BASE-PAIRING
 Experiments: DNA from different cells of the same sp
have the same proportions of the four bases.
 For example:

- human DNA contains about 30% each of A and T, and

20% each of G and C.
- other organisms: the figures are different but the
amounts of A and T are always the same, as are the
amounts of C and G! Why is this the case?
 In 1953, James Watson and Francis Crick proposed a
structure for DNA that not only accounts for this pairing
of bases but also explains how relatively simply the
system of storing and transferring genetic information is.
DNA’s Double Helix
DNA Base Pairing
Adenine:Thymine
Cytosine:Guanine