m






   
 m





 
    
‡ Created and followed plans in the
days when no one else seemed to
even make plans
‡ The plans succeeded because:
± Personal desires for greatness
± Inspired confidence
± Dedication to execution of the plan


   
 
    
|s a boy, |lexander said:

³3









  





  


 


 J


 
  

‡ The "perfect Greek"

± Handsome
± Well educated (by |ristotle)
± Respectful of Greek past (memorized and carried
with him a copy of the j

)
± |dept in rhetoric and diplomacy (ambassador)
± |thletic (competing throughout his life)
± Scientist (strong interest in plants, animals,
geography, and even took scientists on his
campaigns)


 
  
‡ The ³Perfect General
± Never lost a battle
± Personally fought in battles (wounded
several times)
± |fter a battle mingled with the survivors
± Honored the dead
‡ Strongly religious burials
‡ Exempted their families from further military
duty and from taxes
± Broke up regional regiments to have
loyalty directly to him


 
  

‡ The ³Perfect Conqueror

± Spared families of conquered kings
‡ This won the cooperation of the families
± Treated conquered soldiers with respect
‡ This convinced some conquered soldiers to
switch sides and support him
± Respected local religions and customs
‡ Desert soothsayer
‡ Rebuilt Karnak and Luxor temples


 
Ruthless execution of his plans
‡ Execution of rivals in the Macedonian
court (sensed because his father had
been assassinated by a personal guard)
‡ Suppression of the Thebian revolt
‡ 30,000 Thebians sold into slavery
‡ Tyre destroyed (except the temples and
the house of Pindar the poet, which
perpetuated |lexander¶s image as the
³Perfect Greek")


 


 

2



 
2 




 














‡ Gordian knot
‡ Battle of Issus
± Greeks outnumbered 3 to 1 (some say 10 to 1)
± Persian emperor, Darius III, personally commanding the
Persian army
± |lexander personally led attack directly at Darius III
± Darius fled, the Persians broke, and the Greeks won the
battle
± Spared lives of queen and court (admiration from Persians)


 


 

‡ Battle of Phoenicia and Judea
‡ Egypt
± Welcomed |lexander

± Recognized as Pharaoh Ñ
± He founded |lexandria
‡ Became the center of learning


 


 

‡ Battle of Gaugamela
± |lexander crossed the Tigris River and
waited
± Several celestial events over next three
nights
± |lexander attacked directly at Darius and
Darius fled
± Darius was killed by his own troops


 


 

‡ Conquest of Eastern Persia
‡ Conquest of Bactria (|fghanistan and Pakistan)
‡ Turning aside at India and return to Persia
 

 
‡ 1 year old son did not receive the throne
‡ Empire divided by
the generals
± Egypt²Ptolemy
± Persian area and
India²Seleucus
± Pergamum²|ttalids
± Greece, |sia Minor,
Macedonia²4
generals


 

 

  


 m


‡ Hellenistic kingdoms (dynasties)
± Border wars between each other
± Imported Greeks as bureaucrats,
soldiers, artisans (Greek-like cities)
‡ Greeks offered land for immigration
± Occupied kingdoms adopted Greek ways
in addition to their own culture
‡ Egyptians, Persians
‡ Some Jews resisted (Pharisees versus
Saducees)
 m


‡ Greek became language
of art and commerce
± Language of the Eastern
Mediterranean through
Roman and Byzantine
Empires (until 1453 |D)
‡ Greek Trade
± Cities throughout empire
± Money standardized (|thenian)
± Greeks were natural traders
(ancient heritage)
 m

 
‡ Often showed
movement
‡ [  


 
 m

 
‡ Usually very
dramatic
‡   

 

 
± Story of a man who
tried to convince
the Trojans not to
accept the Trojan
horse (killed by
|thena with a
snake)
   
‡ Temple of the Muses built at
|lexandria
± First state-supported university
± Teachers from all over the world
± Library with a copy of nearly every book
‡ Commerce and learning support each other
‡ Ships required to allow scribes to copy their
books
   
‡ Lighthouse at
|lexandria
± Pharos Island
± Over 400 feet
high
± Light intensified
with reflectors
± One of 7 wonders
of ancient world
   
‡ Temple of Zeus at Pergamum

‡ Rivalry with |lexandria

± Scholars in |lexandria prohibited
shipment of papyrus to Pergamum
± Pergamum developed parchment
± Parchment works best in sheets bound
together (first books)
 m

  
‡ Euclid (320-260 BC)
± Lived in |lexandria
± Compiled Ô



 
‡ Used as a text book until
1900
‡ Basis for Newtonian
physics
 m

  
‡ |rchimedes (287-212 BC)
± Lived in Syracuse
± Greatest scientist until Newton
± Trained at |lexandria
± Major discoveries in
hydraulics, mathematics,
mechanics, warfare, and
astronomy
    ! m

‡ Invented a planetarium
‡ Buoyancy ± King¶s crown

Macedonian The wreath and The wreath

Crown the gold have displaces
4th cJ BC equal weight more water
    ! " 
‡ Geometric calculations
± |rea/volume of circle,
sphere, cone
‡ Developed system
similar to calculus
± Polygons inside circle
with ever higher
numbers of sides
± Calculated value for pi
(š) to accuracy of
0J0002
‡ Devised Scientific
notation (5 x 107)
    ! "  
‡ Levers
±Defined theory
‡ Pulleys
±Challenge to drag
a ship
‡ Ship building
±Giant ship
±Cargo of 60 ships
    ! 
‡ War with the Romans
± Claw cranes
    ! 
‡ Catapults
‡ Mirrors
"  

# $"
    % 
$ "
‡ Favor to the King
± civic duty
‡ Scientific curiosity
‡ War
‡ His opinion of his greatest
accomplishment:
± "Perfect" geometric shape
which he asked to be
inscribed on his tomb
± Sphere inscribed in cylinder
‡ Volume ratios = 3:2
‡ Surface ratios = 3:2
± Ratio of volumes and areas of
cone, sphere and cylinder =
9:6:4
 m

  
‡ |ristarchus of Samos (250 BC)
± Purposed heliocentric universe
‡ Eratosthenes
± Calculated the
circumference of
the earth
± Claimed a ship
could sail around
|frica to India
± Claimed a ship
could sail west
to India
 m

 
‡ Discussion: How can a leader affect
creativity?
‡ Discussion: Is theory more creative
than application?
  &'